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[edu] 每日一贴学英语语法

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61#
 楼主| 发表于 6-8-2009 09:34:32 | 只看该作者
UNIT 39 Unless, as long as, and provided/providing (that) 
 a. Unless
  Study this example situation:
   Joe is always listening to music. If you speak to him normally, he can’t hear you. If you want him to hear you, you have to shout.
   Joe can’t hear unless you shout.
   This means: “Joe can hear only if you shout.”
   Unless means except if. We use unless to make an exception to something we say.  
     Here are some more examples of unless:
   Don’t tell Ann what I said unless she asks you. (= except if she asks you)
   I’ll come tomorrow unless I have to work. (= except if I have to work)
   I wouldn’t eat between meals unless I were extremely hungry (= except if I were extremely hungry)
  We often use unless in warnings:
   We’ll be late unless we hurry. (= except if we hurry)
   Unless you work harder, you’re not going to pass the exam. (= except it you work harder)
   The thief said he would hit me unless I told him where the money was. (= except if I told him)
  Instead of unless it is possible to say if … not:
   Don’t tell Ann what I said if she doesn’t ask you.
   We’ll be late if we don’t hurry.
  
  b. As long as provided (that) providing (that)
  These expressions mean but only if:
 
  You can use my car as long as (or so long as) you drive carefully.
   (= but only if you drive carefully)
   Traveling by car is convenient provided (that) you have somewhere to park.
   (= but only if you have somewhere to park)
   Providing (that) she studies hard, she should pass the exam.
   (= but only if she studies hard)
  
  c. When you are talking about the future, do not use will unless, as long as, provided, or providing. Use a present tense:
   We’ll be late unless we hurry. (not unless we will hurry)
   Providing she studies hard … (not providing she will study)
   See Unit 9 for more information about this rule.

UNIT 39 Exercises  
39.1 Read the sentence and then write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use unless.
   Example: You have to study more or you won’t pass the exam.
   You won’t pass the exam unless you study more.
  1. You should listen carefully or you won’t know what to do.
  You won’t know what to do _______________________________
  2. We have to hurry or we’ll miss the train. We’ll _______________________________
  3. You have to speak very slowly or he won’t be able to understand you.
  He _______________________________
  4. I have to get a raise or I’ll look for another job. _______________________________
  5. She has to apologize to me or I won’t forgive her. _______________________________
  
  39.2 Read the sentence with only if and then write a new sentence with unless.
   Example: Joe can hear only if you shout. Joe can’t hear unless you shout.
  1. I’m going to the party only if you go too. I’m not going to the party __________________
  2. You are allowed into the club only if you are a member. You’re not __________________
  3. The dog will attack you only if you move. The dog __________________
  4. She’ll speak to you only if you ask her a question. She __________________
  
  39.3 Choose the correct word or expression for each sentence.
   Example: You can use my car (unless/as long as) you drive carefully. (“as long as” is correct)
  1. I’m playing tennis tomorrow (unless/providing) it rains.
  2. We’re going to start painting the house tomorrow (unless/provided) it’s not raining.
  3. You can smoke in here (unless/as long as) you leave a window open to let the smoke out.
  4. George doesn’t trust anyone. He won’t lend you any money (unless/as long as) you promise in writing to pay him back.
  5. The children can stay here (unless/providing) they don’t make too much noise.
  6. I’m going to now (unless/provided) you want me to stay.
  7. I can’t understand why he’s late, (unless/as long as) he didn’t get our message.
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62#
 楼主| 发表于 7-8-2009 09:58:56 | 只看该作者
UNIT 40 Passive (1) (be done/have been done) 
 a. Active and passive Study this example:
   This house was built in 1920.
   This is a passive sentence. Compare:
   Somebody built this house in 1920. (active)
   This house was built in 1920. (passive)
   We often prefer the passive when it is not so important who or what did the action. In this example, it is not so important (or not known) who built the house.
   In a passive sentence, if you want to say who did or what caused the action, use by:
   This house was built by my grandfather. (= my grandfather built it)
   Have you ever been bitten by a dog? (= Has a dog ever bitten you?)
  
  b. In passive sentence we use the correct form of be (is/are/was/were/has been, etc.) + the past participle:  
   (be) done (be) cleaned (be) damaged (be) built (be) seen
  For irregular past participles (done/seen/written, etc.) see Appendix 2.
  For the passive of the present and past tenses see Unit 41.
  
  c. We use the base form (… be done, be cleaned, be built, etc.) after modal verbs (will, can, must, etc.) and some other verbs (for example: have to, be going to, want to). Compare:
  Active: We can solve this problem.
  Passive: This problem can be solved.
   The new hotel will be opened next year.
   George might be sent to Venezuela by his company in August.
   The music at the party was very loud and could be heard from far away.
   This room is going to be painted next week.
   Go away! I want to be left alone.
  
  d. There is a past form after modal verbs: have been done/ have been cleaned, etc.:
  Active: Somebody should have cleaned the windows yesterday.
  Passive: The windows should have been cleaned yesterday.
   My bicycle has disappeared. It must have been stolen.
   She wouldn’t have been injured if she had been wearing a seat belt.
   The weather was terrible. The tennis match should have been canceled.

  UNIT 40 Exercises 
 40.1 Complete these sentences with one of the following verbs (in the correct form):  
   arrest wake knock check translate find drive make spend hear
   Example: The music at the party was very old loud and could be heard from far away.
  1. A decision will not __________ until the next meeting.
  2. That building is dangerous. It ought to __________ down before it falls down.
  3. When you go through Customs, your luggage may __________ by a customs officer.
  4. I told the hotel receptionist that I wanted to __________ up at 6:30.
  5. Her new book will probably __________ into a number of foreign languages.
  6. If you kicked a police officer, you’d __________
  7. The police are looking for the missing boy. He can’t __________ anywhere.
  8. Do you think that less money should __________ on the military?
  9. The injured woman couldn’t walk and had to __________
  10. I don’t mind driving, but I prefer to __________ by other people.
  
  40.2 Complete the sentences. This time use these verbs:
   must should shouldn’t might would
   Example: Did anyone clean the windows?
   No. They should have been cleaned but they weren’t
  1. A: Did anyone invite Ann to the party?
  B: I don’t know. She ______________________________ -- I’m not sure.
  2. A: Did anyone see you?
  B: No, but I ______________________________ if it hadn’t been so dark.
  3. A: Has someone fixed this machine?
  B: Well, it’s working again so it ______________________________
  4. A: Did someone throw those old letters away?
  B: Yes, but it was a mistake. They ______________________________
  
  40.3 Read the sentence and write another sentence with the same meaning. 
  Example: We can solve the problem. The problem can be solved.
  1. People should send their complaints to the main office.
  Complaints ________________________________________
  2. They had to postpone the meeting because of illness.
  The meeting ________________________________________
  3. Somebody might have stolen your car if you had left the keys in it.
  Your car __________________________________________________
  4. A short circuit(短路) could have caused the fire.
  The fire ________________________________________
  5. They are going to hold next year’s convention in San Francisco.
  Next year’s convention ________________________________________
  6. They shouldn’t have played the soccer match in such bad weather.
  The soccer match __________________________________
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63#
 楼主| 发表于 8-8-2009 09:46:26 | 只看该作者
UNIT 41 Passive (2) (present and past tenses)
  These are the passive forms of the present and past tenses:
  Simple present am/is/are + done/cleaned, etc.
   Active: Somebody cleans this room every day.
   Passive: This room is cleaned every day.
   Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving.
   I’m not often invited to parties.
   How many people are injured in car accidents every day?
  
  Simple past was/were + done/cleaned, etc.
   Active: Somebody cleaned this room yesterday.
   Passive: This room was cleaned yesterday.
   During the night we were all woken up by a loud explosion.
   When was that castle built?
   The house wasn’t damaged in the storm, but a tree was blown down.
  
  Present continuous am/is/are being + done/cleaned, etc.  
     Active: Somebody is cleaning the room right now.
   Passive: The room is being cleaned right now.
   Look at those old houses! They are being knocked down.
   (shop assistant to customer) Are you being helped, ma’am?
  
  Past continuous was/were being + done/cleaned, etc.
   Active: Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived.
   Passive: The room was being cleaned when I arrived.
   Suddenly I heard footsteps behind me. We were being followed.
  
  Present perfect have/has been + done/cleaned, etc.  
      Active: The room looks nice. Somebody has cleaned it.
   Passive: The room looks nice. It has been cleaned.
   Have you heard the news? The President has been shot.
   Have you ever been bitten by a dog?
   I’m not going to the party. I haven’t been invited.
  
  Past perfect had been + done/cleaned, etc. 
  Active: The room looked much better. Somebody had cleaned it.
   Passive: The room looked much better. It had been cleaned.
   Jim didn’t know about the change of plans. He hadn’t been told.

UNIT 41 Exercises
  41.1 Read the sentence and then write another sentence with the same meaning. Begin each sentence as shown.   Examples: Somebody stole my bag in the store. My bag was stolen in the store.
   The police have arrested three men. Three men have been arrested by the police.
  1. The bill includes service. Service ________________________ in the bill.
  2. People don’t use this road very often. This road ________________________
  3. They canceled all fights because of fog. All flights ________________________
  4. Somebody accused me of stealing the money. I ________________________
  5. They are building a new shopping center downtown.
  A new shopping center ________________________
  6. I didn’t realize that someone was recording our conversation.
  I didn’t realize that our conversation _______________________
  7. They have changed the date of the meeting. The date of the meeting_____________________
  8. Brian told me that somebody had attacked and robbed him in the street.
  Brian told me that he ________________________
  
  41.2 Make a passive sentence from the words in parentheses (…). 
  Examples: That building looks very old. (when/it/build?) When was it built?
   A: Is Margaret popular?
   B: Yes, (she/like/by everybody) She is liked by everybody.
  1. This is a very popular television program. (every week it/watch/by millions of people) Every week it ________________________
  2. What happens to the cars produced in this factory? (most of them/export?) _________________
  3. A: Was there any trouble at the demonstration?
  B: Yes. (about 20 people/arrest) ________________________
  4. A: There is no longer military service in Britain.
  B: Really? (when/it/abolish?) ________________________
  5. A: Did anybody call an ambulance to the scene of the accident?
  B: Yes. (but nobody/injure/so it/not/need) ________________________
  6. A: Last night someone broke into our house.
  B: Oh no! (anything/take?) ________________________
  7. Mr. Kelly can’t use his office right now. (it/redecorate) ________________________
  8. Linda didn’t have her car yesterday. (it/tune-up(维修)/at the garage) ________________________
  9. Where’s my bicycle? It’s gone! (it/steal!) ________________________
  10. The people next door disappeared six months ago. (they/not/see/since then) ________________
  11. This room looks different. (it/paint/since I was last here?) ________________________
  12. A tree was lying across the road. (it/blow/down in the storm) ______
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64#
发表于 9-8-2009 16:22:42 | 只看该作者
努力学习中
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65#
 楼主| 发表于 9-8-2009 18:23:03 | 只看该作者
UNIT 42 Passive (3) 
 a. Some verbs can have two objects. For example, offer:  
    They didn’t offer Ann the job. (the two objects are Ann the job.)
   So it is possible to make two different passive sentences:
   Ann wasn’t offered the job.
   The job wasn’t offered to Ann.
   It is more usual for the passive sentence to begin with the person.
   Other verbs like offer that can have two objects are:
   ask tell give send show teach pay
   Here are some examples of passive sentences with these verbs:
   I was given two hours to make my decision. (= they gave me two hours)
   The men were paid $1500 to do the job. (= someone paid the men $1500)
   Have you been shown the new machine? (= has anyone shown you the new machine?)
  
  b. Born: Remember that be born is a passive verb and is usually past:  
    Where were you born? (not are you born) simple past
   I was born in Chicago. (not I am born)
   How many babies are born in this hospital every day? – simple present
  
  c. The passive –ing form is being done/being cleaned, etc.: 
   Active: I don’t like people telling me what to do.
  Passive: I don’t like being told what to do.
   I remember being given a toy drum on my fifth birthday. (= I remember someone giving me …)
   Hurry up! You know Mr. Miller hates being kept waiting. (= he hates people keeping him waiting)
   She climbed over the wall without being seen. (= without anyone seeing her)
  
  d. Sometimes you can use get instead of be in the passive:  
    There was a fight at the party, but nobody got hurt. (= nobody was hurt)
   Did Ann get fired from her new job? (= was Ann fired from her new job?)
   You can use get in the passive to say that something happens to someone or something.
   Often the action is not planned; it happens by chance:
   The dog got run over by a car. (= the dog was run over)
   In other types of situation get is not usually possible:
   George is liked by everyone. (not gets liked)
   Get is used mainly in informal spoken English. You can use be in all situations.
UNIT 42 Exercises
  42.1 Read the sentences and then write a new sentence with some meaning.
   Begin in the way shown each time.
   Example: They didn’t offer Ann the job. Ann wasn’t offered the job.
  1. They don’t pay Jim very much. Jim ________________________
  2. They will ask you a lot of question at the interview. You ________________________
  3. Nobody told me that Liz was sick. I ________________________
  4. His colleagues gave him a present when he retired. He ________________________
  5. We will send you your exam results as soon as they are ready. You _______________________
  6. They didn’t ask me my name. I ________________________
  7. I think they should have offered Tom the job. I think Tom ________________________
  
  42.2 When were these famous people born? Choose the right year for each person:
   1889 1770 1452 1870 1564
  
   1. Lenin was born in 1870.
   2. Shakespeare _____________
   3. Leonardo Vinci _____________
   4. Charlie Chaplin _____________
   5. Beethoven _____________
   6. And you? I _____________
  
  
  42.3 Complete the sentences. Each time use being with one of these verbs:
   keep pay attack give invite use ask
   Example: Mr. Miller doesn’t like being kept waiting.
  1. He came to the party without __________________________
  2. She won’t go out alone after dark. She is afraid of __________________________
  3. I don’t like __________________________
  4. Few people are prepared to work without __________________________
  5. Ms. Kelly doesn’t like her phone __________________________ by other people.
  6. Most people like __________________________ presents.
  
  42.4 Complete the sentences.
   Make a passive sentence with get and one of these verbs:
   break sting use damage hurt steal
   Example: There was a fight at the party, but nobody got hurt.
  1. Ted __________________________ by a bee while he was sitting in the garden.
  2. How did that window __________________________?
  3. Did any of these houses __________________________ in the storm last night?
  4. These tennis court don’t __________________________ often. Not many people want to play.
  5. I used to have a bicycle, but it __________________________

[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 13-8-2009 11:54 编辑 ]
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66#
 楼主| 发表于 10-8-2009 13:53:14 | 只看该作者
UNIT 43 It is said that…/He is said to…, etc., and supposed to 
 a. Study this example situation:
   This is Mary. She is very old, and nobody knows exactly how old she is. But:
   It is said that she is 108 years old.
   She is said to be 108 years old.
   Both these sentences mean: “People say that she is 108 years old.”
   You can also use these structures with:
   thought believed reported understood known expected alleged considered
   It is said that Mary eats ten eggs a day. or Mary is said to eat ten eggs a day.
   It is believed that the wanted man is living in New York. or The wanted man is believed to be living in New York.
   It is expected that the strike will begin tomorrow. or The strike is expected to begin tomorrow.
   It is alleged that he stole $100. or He is alleged to have stolen $100.
   It was alleged that he stole $100. or He was alleged to have stolen $100.
   These structures are often used in news reports:
   It is reported that two people were killed in the explosion. or
   Two people are reported to have been killed in the explosion.
  
  b. Supposed to
  Sometimes (be) supposed to means “said to”;  
Let’s go and see that movie. It’s supposed to be very good. (= It is said to be very good; people say that it’s very good.)
   He is supposed to have stolen $100. (= He is said to have stolen $100.)
  But sometimes supposed to has a different meaning. You can use supposed to to say what is planned or arranged (and this is often different from what really happens):
   I’d better hurry. It’s nearly 8:00. I’m supposed to be meeting Ann at 8:15. (= I arranged to meet Ann; I said I would meet Ann.)
   The train was supposed to arrive at 11:30, but is was 40 minutes late. (= The train should have arrived at 11:30, according to the schedule.)
   You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn’t you do it?
  We use not supposed to to say what is not allowed or not advisable:
   You’re not supposed to park here. (= You aren’t allowed to park here.)
   Mr. Jenkins is much better after his illness, but he’s still not supposed to do any heavy work.

UNIT 43 Exercises  
43.1 Read the sentence and then write another sentence with the same meaning.
   Examples: It is believed that the wanted man is living in New York.
   The wanted man is believed to be living in New York.
   It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall.
   The prisoner is thought to have escaped by climbing over the wall.
  1. It is said that many people are homeless because of the flood.
  Many people are said ______________________________
  2. It is known that the Governor is in favor of the new law.
  The Governor ______________________________
  3. It is expected that the President will lose the election.
  The President ______________________________
  4. It is believe that the thieves got in through the kitchen window.
  The thieves ______________________________
  5. It is alleged that she drove through the town at 90 miles an hour.
  She ______________________________
  6. It is reported that two people were seriously injured in the accident.
  Two people ______________________________
  7. It is said that three men were arrested after the explosion.
  Three men ______________________________
  
  43.2 There are a lot of stories about Arthur, but nobody knows whether they are true. Make sentences with supposed to.   Example: People say that Arthur eats spiders. Arthur is supposed to eat spiders.
  1. People say that Arthur is very rich. Arthur ______________________________
  2. People say that he has 22 children. He ______________________________
  3. People say that he sleeps on a bed if nails. He ______________________________
  4. People say that he inherited a lot of money. He ______________________________
  5. People say that he writes poetry. He ______________________________
  
  43.3 Now use supposed to with its other meaning. In each example what happens is not what is supposed to happen. Use supposed to or not supposed to with one of these verbs:  
clean come be smoke call study have
   Examples: Mary, you’re smoking! But you know you are not supposed to smoke in this room.
   Why are the windows still dirty? You were supposed to clean them.
  1. What are the children doing at home? They ____________________ at school.
  2. He ____________________ in the evenings, but he always goes out.
  3. Don’t put sugar in your tea. You know you ____________________ sugar.
  4. Oh no! I ________________________________________ Ann, but I completely forgot.
  5. They arrived very early – at 2:00. They __________________________ until 3:30.

[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 13-8-2009 11:57 编辑 ]
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67#
 楼主| 发表于 11-8-2009 10:32:04 | 只看该作者
UNIT 44 Have something done

  a. Study this example situation:
   The roof of Bill’s house was damaged in a storm, so he arranged for a worker to repair it. Yesterday the worker came and did the job.
   Bill had the roof repaired yesterday.
   This means: Bill didn’t repair the roof himself. He arranged for someone else to do it for him.
   Compare: Bill repaired the roof. (= he did it himself)
   Bill had the roof repaired. (= he arranged for someone else to do it)
   Now study these sentences:
   Did Ann design her business cards herself or did she have them designed?
   Are you going to repair the car yourself, or are you going to have it repaired?
   To say that we arrange for someone else to do something for us, we use structure have something done. The word order is important: the past participle (done/repaired, etc.) comes after the object (the roof):
   have + object + past participle
  Bill had the roof repaired yesterday
  Where did you have your hair done?
  We are having the house Painted Right now
  Tom has just Had A telephone Installed In his house
  How often do you Have Your car Serviced?
  Why don’t you Have That coat Cleaned?
  I want to Have My picture Taken
  b. “Get something done” is possible instead of have something done (mainly in informal spoken English):
   I think you should get your hair cut. (= have your hair cut)
  c. Have something done sometime has a different meaning. For example:
   He had all his money stolen while he was on vacation.
   The doesn’t mean that he arranged for somebody to steal his money! “He had all his money stolen” means only: “All his money was stolen .”
   With this meaning, we use have something done to say that something (often something not nice) happened to someone: George had his nose broken in a fight. (= his nose was broken)
  UNIT 44 Exercises
  44.1 Answer the question in the way shown.
   Example: “Did Liz make that dress herself?” “No, she had it made.”
  1. “Did you cut your hair yourself” “No, I __________________________”
  2. “Did they paint the house themselves?” “No, they __________________________”
  3. “Did Jim cut down that tree himself?” “No, __________________________”
  4. “Did Sue repair the car herself?” “No, __________________________”
  
  44.2 This time complete the sentences. Use the words in parentheses (…).
   Examples: We are having the house painted (the house/paint) at the moment.
   Did you have your hair cut (you/your hair/cut) last week?
  1. Your hair is too long. I think you should __________________________ (it/cut).
  2. How often __________________________ (you/your car/tune up)?
  3. The engine in Tom’s car couldn’t be repaired, so he had to _____________ (a new engine/put in).
  4. _______________________ (you/your newspaper/deliver) or do you buy it yourself at the store?
  5. A: What are those workers doing in your garden?
  B: Oh, I __________________________ (a swimming pool/build).
  6. A: Can I see the pictures you took on your vacation?
  B: I’m afraid not. I __________________________ (not/the film/develop) yet.
  7. Is it true that many years ago he _____________________ (his portrait/paint) by a famous artist?
  
  44.3 Now read each situation and then write a sentence with have something done.
   Example: Jill’s coat was dirty, so she took it to the cleaners. Now it is clean. What has Jill done?
   She has had her coat cleaned.
  1. Tom thinks his eyesight is getting worse, so he’s going to the eye doctor. What is Tom going to do there? He is __________________________
  2. Sue is at the beauty parlor at the moment. A hairdresser is cutting her hair. What is Sue doing? ____________________________________________________
  3. Ann’s watch was broken, so she took it to a jeweler. Now it’s working again. What has Ann done? ____________________________________________________
  
  44.4 Now use have something done with its second meaning (see section c).
   Example: George’s nose was broken in fight. What happened to George?
   He had his nose broken in a fight.
  1. John’s wallet was stolen from his pocket. What happened to John? He ___________________
  2. Fred’s hat was blown off by the wind. What happened to Fred? __________________________
  3. Carol’s passport was taken from her at the police station. What happened to Carol? ____________________________________________________

[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 1-9-2009 09:07 编辑 ]
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68#
 楼主| 发表于 12-8-2009 11:45:58 | 只看该作者
UNIT 45 Reported speech (1) 
   a. Study this example situation:
   You want to tell someone else what Tom said. There are two ways of doing this:
   You can repeat Tom’s words (direct speech): Tom said, “I’m feeling sick.”
   Or you can use reported speech: Tom said (that) he was feeling sick.
   Compare the two sentences:
   direct Tom said, “I am feeling sick.” You use these to show it is direct speech
   reported Tom said (that) he was feeling sick.
  
  b. When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about the past. So verbs usually change to the past in reported speech. For example:
  am/is → was have/has → had can → could
  are → were will → would do/want/know → did/wanted/knew, etc.
  Study these examples. You met Tom. Here are some things he said to you:
   I’m going away for a few days. I’ll call you when I get back.
  I’m going to quit my job.
  Ann has bought a new car.
  I can’t come to the party on Friday.
  I want to go on vacation, but I don’t know where to go.
  My parents are very well.
   Now you tell someone else what Tom said (in reported speech):
   Tom said (that) his parents were very well.
   Tom said (that) he was going to quit his job.
   Tom said (that) Ann had bought a new car.
   Tom said (that) he couldn’t come to the party on Friday.
   Tom said (that) he wanted to go on vacation, but he didn’t know where to go.
   Tom said (that) he was going away for a few days and would call me when he got back.
  
  c. The simple past (I did) can usually stay the same in reported speech, or you can change it to the past perfect (I had done): did → did or had done
  direct Tom said: “I woke up feeling sick and so I stayed in bed.”
  reported Tom said (that) he woke (or had woken) up feeling sick and so he stayed (or had stayed) in bed.
   For reported speech see also Units 46 and 48b.
  UNIT 45 Exercises
  45.1 Yesterday you ran into a friend of yours, Helen. Helen told you a lot of things. Here are some of the things she said to you:
  
   1. I’m thinking of going to live in France.
   2. My father is in the hospital.
   3. Sue and Jim are getting married next month.
   4. I haven’t seen Bill for a while.
   5. I’ve been playing tennis a lot lately.
   6. Barbara has had a baby.
   7. I don’t know what Fred is doing.
   8. I hardly ever go out these days.
  9. I work 14 hours a day.
  10. I’ll tell Jim I saw you.
  11. You can come and stay with me if you are ever in Toronto.
  12. Tom had an accident last week, but he wasn’t injured.
  13. I saw Jack at a party a few months ago, and he seemed fine.
  
   Later that day you tell another friend what Helen said. Use reported speech.
  1. Helen said that she was thinking of going to live in France.
  2. Helen said that _________________________
  3. __________________________________________________
  4. __________________________________________________
  5. __________________________________________________
  6. __________________________________________________
  7. __________________________________________________
  8. __________________________________________________
  9. __________________________________________________
  10. __________________________________________________
  11. __________________________________________________
  12. __________________________________________________
  13. __________________________________________________
  
  45.2 In this exercise someone says something to you that is the opposite of what they said before. You have to answer I thought you said …
   Example: “That restaurant in expensive.” “I thought you said it wasn’t expensive.”
  1. “Ann is coming to the party.” “I thought you said she _______________________”
  2. “Bill passed his exam.” “I thought you said _______________________”
  3. “Ann likes Bill.” “I thought _______________________”
  4. “I’ve got many friends.” “I thought you said you _______________________”
  5. “Jack and Karen are going to get married.” “_______________________”
  6. “Tom works very hard.” “_______________________”
  7. “I want to be rich and famous.” “_______________________”
  8. “I’ll be here next week.” “_______________________”
  9. “I can afford a vacation this year.” “_______________________”

[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 12-8-2009 10:49 编辑 ]
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69#
 楼主| 发表于 13-8-2009 13:05:47 | 只看该作者
UNIT 46 Reported speech (2) 
 a. It is not always necessary to change the verb when you use reported speech. If you are reporting something and you feel that it is still true, you do not need to change the tense of the verb:
  direct Tom said, “New York is bigger than London.”
  reported Tom said (that) New York is (or was) bigger than London.
  direct Ann said, “I want to go to Turkey next year.”
  reported Ann said (that) she wants (or wanted) to go to Turkey next year.
  Notice that it is also correct to change the verb into the past.  But you must use a past tense when there is a difference between what has said and what is really true. Study this example situation:
   You met Ann. She said, “Jim is sick.” (direct speech)
   Later that day you see Jim playing tennis and looking fine. You say: “I’m surprised to see you playing tennis, Jim. Ann said that you were sick.” (not that you are sick, because he isn’t sick)
  Must, might, could, would, should, and ought stay the same in reported speech. May in direct speech normally changes to might in reported speech.  

  b. Say and tell 
 If you say who you are talking to, use tell:
   Tom told me (that) he didn’t like Brian. (not Tom said me …)
  Otherwise use say:
   Tom said (that) he didn’t like Brian. (not Tom told (that) he …)
  Also: you can’t say “Tom told about his trip to Mexico.” You have to say:
   Tom told us (or me/them/Ann, etc.) about his trip to Mexico.
  If you don’t say who he told, you have to say:
   Tom talked (or spoke) about his trip to Mexico. (but not said about)
  
  c. We also use the infinitive (to do/to stay, etc.) in reported speech, especially with tell and ask (for orders and requests):
  Direct “Stay in bed for a few days,” the doctor said to me.
  Reported The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days.
  Direct “Don’t shout,” I said to Jim.
  Reported I told Jim not to shout.
  Direct “Please don’t tell anyone what happened,” Ann said to me.
  Reported Ann asked me not to tell anyone what (had) happened.
  Direct “Can you open the door for me, Tom?” Ann asked.
  Reported Ann asked Tom to open the door for her.
  
  Said is also possible with the infinitive:
   The doctor said to stay in bed for a few days. (but not said me)
  UNIT 46 Exercises  
46.1 Write what you would say in these situations.
   Example: Ann says, “I’m tired.” Five minutes later she says, “Let’s play tennis.” What to you say?” You said you were tired.
  1. Your friend says, “I’m hungry,” so you go to restaurant. When you get there he says, “I don’t want to eat.” What do you say? “You said ________________________________”
  2. Tom tells you, “Ann has gone away.” Later that day you meet her. What do you say? “Tom told ________________________________”
  3. George said, “I don’t smoke.” A few days later you see him smoking a cigarette. What do you say to him? “You said ________________________________”
  4. You arranged to meet Jack. He said, “I won’t be late.” At last arrives – 20 minutes late. What do you say? “You ________________________________”3
  5. Sue said, “I can’t come to the party tonight.” That night you see her at the party. What do you say to her? “________________________________” 3
  6. Ann says, “I’m working tomorrow evening.” Later that day she says, “Let’s go out tomorrow evening.” What do you say? “________________________________”
  
  46.2 Now complete these sentences with said, told, or talked.
   Example: Tom said that he didn’t like Brian.
  1. Jack ___________ me that he was enjoying his new job.
  2. Amy ___________ it was a nice restaurant, but I didn’t like it very much.
  3. The doctor ___________ that I would have to rest for at least a week.
  4. Mrs. Taylor ___________ us she wouldn’t be able to come to the next meeting.
  5. Ann ___________ Tom that she was going away.
  6. George couldn’t help me. He ___________ to ask Jack.
  7. At the meeting the director ___________ about the problems facing the company.
  8. Jill ___________ us all about her trip to Japan.
  
  46.3 Now read sentence and write a new sentence with same meaning.
   Examples: “Listen carefully,” he said to us. He told us to listen carefully.
   “Don’t wait for me if I’m late,” Ann said.
   Ann said not to wait for her if she was late.
  1. “Eat more fruit and vegetables,” the doctor said.
  The doctor said _________________________________
  2. “Read the instructions before you use the machine,” he said to me.
  He told _________________________________
  3. “Shut the door but don’t lock it,” she said to us.
  She told _________________________________
  4. “Can you speak more slowly? I can’t understand,” he said to me.
  He asked _________________________________
  5. “Don’t come before 6:00,” I said to her.
  I told ____________________________________________
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70#
 楼主| 发表于 13-8-2009 13:33:31 | 只看该作者
有DX问我要,我发出来,有要看的可以下载,不过我还是会每天一帖帖出来,我一次记不了这么多,每天学一点吧。

英语语法.rar

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参与人数 1威望 +25 收起 理由
Bill_Fish + 25 谢谢分享!

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71#
 楼主| 发表于 14-8-2009 13:01:45 | 只看该作者
UNIT 47 Questions (1) 
 a. We usually make questions by changing the word order: we put the auxiliary verb (AV) before the subject (S): S + AV AV + S   it is → is it? Is it raining?
   you can → can you? When can you come and see us?
   Tom has → has Tom? Where has Tom gone?
   We make question with the verb be in the same way:
   they were → were they? Were the surprised?
  
  b. In simple present question use do/does: 
    Do you like music? (not like you) Do you have a light?
   Where does Jack live? (not where lives Jack)
   In simple past question use did:  
    When did they get married? (not when got they)
   Why did Ann sell her car? (not why sold Ann)
   But be careful with who/what/which question. If who/what/which is the subject of the sentence, do not use do/does/did. Compare:
  
   who is the object
   Ann telephoned someone
   Who did Ann telephone?
   who is the subject
  Someone telephoned Ann.
  Who telephoned Ann?
  
   In these examples who/what/which is the subject:  
    Who wants something to eat? (not who does want)
   Who invented the steam engine? (not who did invent)
   What happened to you last night? (not what did happen)
   Which switch operates this machine? (not which switch does operate)
  
  c. We use negative question especially: 
   To show surprise:
   Didn’t you hear the bell? I rang if four times.
  In exclamations:
   Doesn’t that dress look nice! (= that dress looks nice)
  When we expect the listener to agree with us:
   “Haven’t we met somewhere before?” “Yes, I think we have.”
  Notice the meaning of yes and no in answers to negative questions:  
   Didn’t Dave pass his exams? Yes. (= Yes, he passed them) or No. (= No, he didn’t pass them)
  Note the word order in negative question with Why…?  
    Why didn’t you lock the door? (not why you didn’t lock)
   Why don’t we go out to eat? (not why we don’t go)
   Why can’t you help me? (not why you can’t help me)
   Why wasn’t Mary invited to the party? (not why Mary wasn’t)
UNIT 47 Exercises  
47.1 Ask questions about Ed and Liz.
   Example: (Ed and Liz/be/married?) Are Ed and Liz married? “Yes, they are.”
  1. (where/Ed and Liz live?) _____________________________ “In Detroit.”
  2. (how long/they/be/married?) _____________________________ “15 years.”
  3. (what/Liz do for a living?) _____________________________ “She’s math teacher.”
  4. (she/like being a teacher?) _____________________________ “Yes, she does.”
  5. (What/Ed do for a living?) _____________________________ “He’s police officer.”
  6. (he/enjoy his job?) _____________________________ “Yes, very much.”
  7. (he/arrest anyone yesterday?) _____________________________ “No.”
  8. (they/have/a car?) _____________________________ “Yes.”
  9. (when/they/buy it?) _____________________________ “A year ago.”
  10. (they/go/on vacation next summer) _____________________________ “Yes.”
  11. (where/they/go?) _____________________________ “To Florida.”
  
  47.2 This time make question with who or what.
   Examples: “Somebody hit me.” “Who hit you?”
   “I hit somebody.” “Who did you hit?”
  1. “Something happened.” “What _____________________________?”
  2. “Someone lives in that house.” “Who _____________________________?”
  3. “Somebody gave me this key.” “Who _____________________________?”
  4. “Henry gave me something.” “What _____________________________?”
  5. “Tom meets someone every day.” “Who _____________________________?”
  6. “I fell over something.” “What _____________________________?”
  7. “Something fell on the floor.” “What _____________________________?”
  8. “This word means something.” “What _____________________________?”
  
  47.3 Make negative question. Each time you are surprised.
   Example: “We won’t see Ann this evening.” “Oh! (she/not/come to the party tonight?)”
   Isn’t she coming to the party tonight?
  1. “I hope we don’t meet Brian tonight.” “Why? (you/not/like him?)” _________________
  2. “I’ll have to borrow some money.” “Why? (you/not/have/may?)” _________________
  3. “Don’t go and see that movie.” “Why? (it/not/be/good?)” _________________
  
  47.4 Make negative questions with “Why …?”
   Examples” (I didn’t lock the door.) Why didn’t you lock the door?
   (Mary wasn’t invited to the party.) Why wasn’t Mary invited to the party?
  1. (I don’t like George.) _________________ you _________________?
  2. (Jim wasn’t at work today.) Why __________________________________?
  3. (I’m not ready yet.) Why __________________________________?
  4. (Sue doesn’t eat fruit.) __________________________________?
  5. (Maria can’t come to the meeting.) __________________________________?
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72#
 楼主| 发表于 16-8-2009 15:09:04 | 只看该作者
UNIT 48 Questions (2) (Do you know where…? He asked me where…) 
 a. When we ask people for information we sometimes begin out question with Do you know…? or Could you tell me…? If you begin a question in this way, the word order is different the word order in a simple question:  
   Compare: Where has Tom gone? (simple question)
   Do you know where Tom has gone?
  When the question (Where has Tom gone?) is part of a bigger sentence (Do you know…), it loses the normal question word order. Compare:
   When will Ann arrive? Do you have any idea when Ann will arrive?
   What time is it? Could you tell me what time it is?
   Why are you laughing? Tell us why you are laughing.
  Be careful with do/does/did questions:   When does the movie begin? Do you know when the movie begins?
   Why did Ann leave early? I wonder why Ann left early.
  Use if or whether when there is no other question word:
   Did he see you? Do you know if (or whether) he saw you?
  
  b. The same changes in word order happen in reported questions:
  Direct The police officer said to us, “Where are you going?”
  Reported The police officer asked us where we were going.
  Direct Tom said: “What time do the banks close?”
  Reported Tom wanted to know what time the banks closed.
  In reported questions the verb usually changes to the past (were, closed). For more information about this see Unit 45.
  Now study these examples. Here are some questions you were asked at a job interview:
  Are you presently? Can you type? What do you do in your spare time?
  How long have you been working in your present job? Why did you apply for the job?
  Why did you apply for the job? Do you have a driver’s license?
  Now you tell a friend (in reported speech) what the interviewer asked you:
   She asked (me) if I was presently employed.
   She asked whether (or if) I had a driver’s license.
   She wanted to know whether (or if) I could type.
   She wanted to know how long I had been working in my present job.
   She asked (me) what I did in my spare time.
   She asked (me) why I had applied for the job. (or why I applied)
UNIT 48 Exercises  
48.1 Make a new sentence from these questions.
  Example: Where has Tom gone? Do you know where Tom has gone?
  1. Where is the post office? Could you tell me ______________________________?
  2. What does this word mean? Do you know ______________________________?
  3. What time is it? I wonder ______________________________?
  4. Where did you park your car? Can’t you remember ______________________________?
  5. Is Ann coming to the meeting? I don’t know ______________________________?
  6. Where does Jack live? Do you have any idea ______________________________?
  7. What time did he leave? Do you know ______________________________?
  8. Where can I change some money? Could you tell me ______________________________?
  9. What qualifications do I need? I want to know ______________________________
  10. Why didn’t Mary come to the party? I want to know ______________________________
  11. How much does it cost to park here? Do you know ______________________________?
  
  48.2 You are making a phone call. You want to speak to Sue, but she isn’t there. Someone else answers the phone. You want to know three things: (1) Where has she gone? (2) When will she be back? (3) Did she go out alone? Complete the conversation:
  1. “Do you know ______________________________?” “Sorry. I have no idea.”
  2. “Never mind. I don’t suppose you know ______________________________” “No, I’m afraid I don’t.”
  3. “One more thing. Do you happen to know ______________________________?”
  “I’m afraid I didn’t see her go out.”
  
  48.3 You have been away for a while and have just come back to your hometown. You meet Jerry, a friend of yours. He asks you lots of questions: 
 1.How are you? 2. How long have you been back? 3.What are you doing now?
  4.Where are you living? 5. Are you glad to be back? 6. Are you going away again?
  7. Why did you come back? 8. Do you still smoke? 9. Can you come to dinner on Friday?
  Now you tell another friend what Jerry asked you. Use reported speech.
  1. He asked me how I was.
  2. He asked me ______________________________
  3. He asked ______________________________
  4. He ____________________________________________________________
  5. ____________________________________________________________
  6. ____________________________________________________________
  7. ____________________________________________________________
  8. ____________________________________________________________
  9. ____________________________________________________________
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73#
 楼主| 发表于 17-8-2009 10:48:53 | 只看该作者
UNIT 49 Auxiliary verbs in short answers/questions, etc.: So/Neither am I, etc. 
 a. an you swim? I have lost my key. He might not come.
   In these sentences can, have, and might are auxiliary (= helping) verbs.
   We often use auxiliary verbs when we don’t want to repeat something:
   “Are you working tomorrow?” “Yes, I am.” (=I am working tomorrow.)
   He could lend us the money, but he won’t. (= he won’t lend us the money)
   Use do/does/did for simple present and past short answers:
   “Does he smoke?” “He did, but he doesn’t anymore.”
  
  b. We use auxiliary verbs in short questions:  
  “It rained every day during our vacation.” “Did it?”
  “Ann isn’t feeling very well today.” “Oh, isn’t she?”
  “I’ve just seen Tom.” “Oh, have you? How is he?”
  These short questions (Did it?, isn’t she?, have you?) are not real questions. We use them to show polite interest in what someone has said, and they help to keep the conversation going.  
Sometimes we use short questions to show surprise:  
“Jim and Sue are getting married.” “Are they? Really?”
  
  c. We also use auxiliary verbs with so and neither: 
  “I’m feeling tired.” “So am I.” (= I am feeling tired too)
   “I never read newspapers.” “Neither do I.” (= I never read them either)
   Note the word order after so and neither (verb before subject):
   I passed the exam and so did Tom. (not so Tom did)
   Nor can be used instead or neither:  
“I can’t remember her name.” “Nor can I./ Neither can I.”
   Not … either can be used instead or neither and nor:
   “I don’t have any money?” “Neither do I.” or “I don’t either.”
   d. I think so/hope so, etc.
  We use so in this way after a number of verbs, especially think, hope, guess, suppose, and I’m afraid:
   “Is she Canadian?” “I think so.”
   “Will Eric come?” “I guess so.”
   “Has Ann been invited to the party?” “I suppose so.”
  The negative form depends on the verb:
  I think so -- I don’t think so
  I hope so/I’m afraid so -- I hope not/I’m afraid not
  I guess -- I guess not
  I suppose so -- I don’t suppose so or I suppose not
   “Is she Italian?” “I don’t think so.”
   “Is it going to rain?” “I hope not. (not I don’t hope so)”
   “Are you going to drive in this snowstorm?” “I guess not.”
  UNIT 49 Exercises  
49.1 You are talking go someone. Answer him or her in the way shown.
   Examples: I’m hungry. Are you? I’m not
   I’m not tired. Aren’t you? I am.
  1. I like Brian. _________________________________________
  2. I can’t ride a horse. _________________________________________
  3. I have plenty of friends. _________________________________________
  4. I didn’t enjoy the movie very much. _________________________________________
  5. I’d get married if I were Tom. _________________________________________
  6. I don’t like living in the city. _________________________________________
  7. I’m not going to have anything to eat. _________________________________________
  8. I’ve never been to Korea. _________________________________________
  9. I thought the exam was easy. _________________________________________
  
  49.2 You are talking to a friend. You both have the same ideas, taste, etc. Use So… or Neither… each time.
   Examples: I’m feeling tired. So am I. I don’t like eggs. Neither do I.
  
  1. I need a vacation. ____________
  2. I don’t like milk. ____________
  3. I couldn’t get up this morning.
   ________________________
  4. I’d love a cup of tea. ____________
  5. I’ve never been to Africa. ________
  6. I was sick yesterday. ____________
  7. I should smoke less. ____________
  8. I spent the whole evening watching television. ____________
  9. I didn’t know that Ann was in the hospital. ____________
  
  
  49.3 You are B in each conversation. Read the information in parentheses (…), then answer with I think so, I hope not, etc.
   Example: (You hate rain.) A: Is it going to rain? Bhope) I hope not.
  1. (You need more money quickly.) A: Do you think you’ll get a raise soon?
  B: (hope) _________________________________________
  2. (You think Tom will probably get the job he applied for.)
  A: Do you think Tom will get the job he applied for. B: (guess) _____________________
  3. (You’re not sure whether Jill is married – probably not.) A: Is Jill married?
  B: (think) _________________________________________
  4. (You don’t have any money.) A: Can you lend me some money? B: (afraid) _______________
  5. (Your friend’s sister has been badly injured in an accident.) A: Is she badly injured?
  B: (afraid) _________________________________________
  6. (Ann normally works every day, Monday to Friday – tomorrow is Wednesday.)
  A: Is Ann working tomorrow? B guess) _________________________________________
  7. (You’re in a hurry to catch your train – it’s important that you don’t miss it.)
  A: Do you think we’re going to miss the train? B: (hope) __________________________
  8. (You’re not sure, but the concert probably begins at 7:30.)
  A: Does the concert begin at 7:30? B: (think) _________________________________________
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74#
 楼主| 发表于 18-8-2009 12:36:16 | 只看该作者
UNIT 50 Tag questions (are you? Doesn’t he?, etc.)
  a. You’re not working late, are you? It was a good film, wasn’t it?
   Are you? and wasn’t it? are tag question (= mini-question that we put on the end of a sentence). In tag questions we use the auxiliary verb (see Unit 49). For the present and past use do/does/did: They came by car, didn’t they? 
 
  b. Normally we use a positive tag question with a negative sentence:
   Negative sentence + positive tag
   Tom won’t be late, will be?
   They don’t like us, do they?
   That isn’t George over there, is it?
   And normally we use a negative tag question with a positive sentence:
   positive sentence + negative tag
   Ann will be here soon, won’t she?
   Tom should pass his exam, shouldn’t he?
   They were very angry, weren’t they?
   Notice the meaning of yes and no in answers to tag questions:  
  You’re not going to work today, are you? Yes, (= I am going)
   No, (= I’m not going)
  
  c. The meaning of a tag question depends on how you say it. If he voice goes down, you aren’t really asking a question; you are only asking the other person to agree with you:
   “Tom doesn’t look very well today, does he?” “No, he looks awful.”
   She’s very attractive. She has beautiful eyes, doesn’t she?
   But if the voice goes up, it is a real question:
   “You haven’t seen Ann today, have you?” “No, I’m afraid I haven’t.” (= Have you seen Ann today?)
   We often use a negative sentence + positive tag to ask for things or information, or to ask someone to do something. The voice goes up at the end of the tag in sentences like these:
   “You wouldn’t have a cigarette, would you?” “Yes, here you are.”
   “You couldn’t do me a favor, could you?” “It depends what it is.”
   “You don’t know where Ann is, do you?” “Sorry, I have no idea.”
  
  d. After Let’s… the tag question is shall we?  
After the imperative (do/don’t do something) the tag is will you?  
Open the door, will you?
  Notice that we say aren’t I? (= am I out):
   I’m late, aren’t I?

UNIT 50 Exercises  
50.1 Put a tag question on the end of each sentence.
   Examples: Tom won’t be late, will he? They were very angry, weren’t they?
  
  1. Ann’s on vacation, ___________?
  2. You weren’t listening, ___________?
  3. Sue doesn’t like onions, ___________?
  4. Jack applied for the job, ___________?
  5. You have a camera, ___________?
  6. You can type, ___________?
  7. He won’t mind if I leave early, _______?
  8. Tom could help you, ___________?
  9. There are a lot of people here, ________?
  10. Let’s have dinner, ___________? (do we?)
  11. This isn’t very interesting, __________?
  12. I’m too fat, ___________?
  13. You wouldn’t tell anyone, ___________?
  14. I shouldn’t have gotten angry, ________?
  15. They had to go home, ___________?
  16. He’d never seen you before, _________?
  
  
  50.2 Read the situation and then write a sentence with a tag question. In each example you are asking your listener to agree with you.
   Example: You are with a friend outside a restaurant. You are looking at the prices. It’s very expensive. What do you say? It’s very expensive, isn’t it?
  1. You look out of the window. It’s a beautiful day. What do you say to your friend? It’s __________________________
  2. You’ve just come out of a movie theater with your friend. You both really enjoyed the movie. You thought it was great. What do you say? The movie __________________________
  3. Bob’s hair is much shorter. Clearly he has had his hair cut. What do you say to him? You __________________________
  4. You are shopping. You are trying on a jacket. You look in the mirror: it doesn’t look very good. What do you say to your friend? It __________________________
  5. You are talking about Bill. You know that Bill works very hard. Everyone knows this. What do you say about Bill? Bill __________________________
  
  50.3 In these situations you are asking people for information, asking people to do things, etc. Make sentences like those in section c.   Example: You want a cigarette. Perhaps Tom has one. Ask him.
   Tom, you don’t have a cigarette, do you?
  1. Jack is just going out. You want him to get some stamps. Ask him.
  Jack, you couldn’t __________________________
  2. You’re looking for Ann. Perhaps Alan knows where she is. Ask him.
  Alan, you __________________________
  3. You need some paper. Perhaps Tom has some. Ask him.
  Tom, __________________________
  4. Ann has a car, and you don’t want to walk home. You want her to give you a lift. Ask her.
  Ann __________________________
  5. You’re looking for your purse. Perhaps Liz has seen it. Ask her __________________________
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75#
 楼主| 发表于 19-8-2009 12:32:36 | 只看该作者
UNIT 51 Verb + ing  
a. stop enjoy dislike admit consider miss finish mind imagine deny involve postpone delay suggest regret avoid practice risk
   If these verbs are followed by another verb, the structure is usually verb + -ing:
   Stop talking!
   I’ll do the shopping when I’ve finished cleaning the apartment.
   I don’t miss working late every night.
   Have you ever considered going to live in another country?
   I can’t imagine George riding a motorcycle.
   When I’m on vacation, I enjoy not having to get up early.
  The following expressions also take –ing:
   give up (= stop) keep or keep on (= do something continuously or repeatedly)
   go on (= continue) put off (= postpone)
   Are you going to give up smoking?
   He kept (on) interrupting me while I was speaking.
  Note the passive form (being done/being seen/being told, etc.): 
  I don’t mind being told what to do.
  You cannot normally use the infinitive (to do/to dance, etc.) after these verbs and expressions:
   I enjoy dancing. (not to dance)
   Would you mind closing the door? (not to close)
   Jill suggested going to the movies. (not to go)
  
  b. When you are talking about finished actions, you can also say having done/having stolen, etc. But it is not necessary to use this form. You can also use the simple –ing form for finished actions:  
He admitted stealing (or having stolen) the money.
   They now regret getting (or having gotten) married.
  
  c. With some of the verb in this unit (especially admit, deny, regret, and suggest) you can also use a that… structure:
   He denied that he had stolen the money. (or denied stealing)
   Jill suggested that we go to the movies. (or suggested going)
   For suggest see also Unit 33
   For verbs + -ing see also Unit 54 and 55
UNIT 51 Exercises 
 51.1 Complete the sentences with these verbs:  
  try steal meet look write make be run wash play eat splash go drive take
   Example: Do you miss playing tennis every afternoon?
  1. Could you please stop ________ tennis every afternoon?
  2. I don’t enjoy ________ letters.
  3. Does your job involve ________ a lot of people?
  4. I considered ________ the job, but in the end I decided against it.
  5. If you use the shower, try and avoid ________ water on the floor.
  6. Jack gave up ________ to be an actor and decided to become a teacher.
  7. Have you finished ________ your hair yet?
  8. The phone rang white Ann was having dinner. She didn’t answer it; she just went to ________
  9. She admitted ________ the car but denied ________ it dangerously.
  10. Why do you keep on ________ at me like that?
  11. They had to postpone ________ away because their son was sick.
  12. If you cross the street without looking, you risk ________ over by a car.
  
  51.2 Rend each sentence and write a second sentence with the same meaning. Begin your sentence in the way shown.
   Examples: Do you have to travel in your job? Does your job involve traveling?
   He is sorry now that he didn’t study harder when he was in college.
   He now regrets not studying harder when he was in college.
  1. Maybe I’ll go out this evening. I wouldn’t mind _______________________?
  2. Are you sorry you didn’t take the job? Do you regret _______________________?
  3. Why don’t you go away tomorrow instead of today?
  Why don’t you put off _______________________ until _______________________?
  4. It’s not a good idea to travel during the rush hour. It’s better to avoid _____________________?
  5. Could you turn the radio down, please? Would you mind _______________________?
  6. The driver of the car said it was true that he didn’t have a license.
  The driver of the car admitted _______________________?
  7. Sue said, “Let’s have fish for dinner.” Sue suggested _______________________
  
  51.3 Now make your own sentences. Complete each sentence using –ing.  
Example: I really enjoy going for long walks in the country.
  1. On weekends I enjoy _______________________
  2. I dislike _______________________
  3. I often regret _______________________
  4. Learning English involves _______________________
  5. I think people should stop _______________________
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76#
 楼主| 发表于 21-8-2009 08:46:16 | 只看该作者
UNIT 52 Verb + infinitive
  a. agree offer decide appear forget need refuse attempt plan seem learn(how) mean refuse attempt pretend dare intend threaten fail hope afford tend  If these verbs are followed by another verb, the structure is usually verb + infinitive:  
     It was late, so we decided to take a taxi home.
   I like George, but I think he tends to talk too much.
   How old were you when you learned to drive? (or learned how to drive)
   They agreed to lend me some money when I told them the position I was in.
   He’s lazy. He needs to work harder.
   I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to hurt you.
  Note these examples with the negative not to …:  
   We decided not to go out because of the weather.
   She pretended not to see me as she passed me on the street.
  With other important verbs you cannot use the infinitive. For example think and suggest:
   Are you thinking of buying a car? (not thinking to buy)
   Jill suggested going to the movies. (not suggest to go)
  
  b. There is a continuous in infinitive (to be doing) and a prefect infinitive (to have done). We use these especially after seem, appear, and pretend:  
    I pretended to be reading. (= I pretended that I was reading)
   You seem to have lost weight. (= it seems that you have lost weight)
   He appears to be doing a good job. (= it appears that he is doing a good job)
  
  c. Dare: You can say dare to do or dare do (without to):  
   I wouldn’t dare to ask him. or I wouldn’t dare ask him.
  
  d. After the following verbs you can use a question word (what/where/how, etc.) + infinitive:
  ask decide know remember forget explain understand  
  We asked
  Have you decided
  Tom explained (to me)
  I don’t know
  
  
  how
  where
  how
  whether
  
  
  to get
  to go
  to change
  to go
  
  
  to the station.
  for your vacation?
  the tire on the car.
  to the party or not.
  
  Also: show/tell/ask someone what/how/where to do something:
   Can someone show me how to change the film in this camera?
   Ask Jack. He’ll tell you what to do.
  For verbs + infinitive see also Units 53 – 55

UNIT 52 Exercises  
52.1 Complete each sentence with an appropriate verb.
   Example: Don’t forget to mail the letter I gave you.
  1. Tom refused ____________ me any money.
  2. Jill has decided not ____________ a car.
  3. The thief got into the house because I forgot ____________ the window.
  4. There was a lot of traffic but we managed ____________ to the airport in time.
  5. One day I’d like to learn ____________ an airplane.
  6. I shouted to him. He pretended not ____________ me, but I’m sure he did.
  7. Why hasn’t Sue arrived yet? She promised not ____________ late.
  8. Our neighbor threatened ____________ the police if we didn’t stop making noise.
  9. Ann offered ____________ care of our children while we were out.
  10. The teacher was very strict. Nobody dared ____________ during his class.
  11. I don’t need ____________ to the meeting, do I?
  12. Oh no! I meant ____________ some eggs, but I forgot.
  
  52.2 This time make sentences with seem and appear. 
  Examples: Is he waiting for someone? He appears to be waiting for someone.
   Has she lost weight? She seems to have lost weight.
  1. Is Tom worried about something? He seems ________________________
  2. Does Ann like Jack? She appears ________________________
  3. Is that man looking for something? He appears ________________________
  4. Has that car broken down? It seems ________________________
  5. Have they gone out? They appear ________________________
  
  52.3 Now use the structure in section d. Complete each sentence using what or how with one of the following verb: do say get use ride cook  
   Example: Do you know how to get to John’s house?
  1. Have you decided what___________ for dinner this evening?
  2. Can you show me ___________ the washing machine?
  3. Do you know ___________ if there’s a fire in the building?
  4. You’ll never forget ___________ a bicycle once you’ve learned.
  5. I was really astonished. I didn’t know ___________
  
  52.4 Now make your own sentences. Complete each sentence with the infinitive.
   Example: This evening I plan to go to the theater.
  1. Not many people can afford. _________________________________
  2. I would like to learn _________________________________
  3. One day I hope _________________________________
  4. I wouldn’t dare _________________________________
  5. Sometimes I tend _________________________________
  6. I intend _________________________________
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77#
 楼主| 发表于 22-8-2009 10:15:50 | 只看该作者
UNIT 53 Verb + object + infinitive 
 a. want ask expect help would like would prefer  
There are two possible structures after these verbs:
  
   verb + infinitive  
   I asked to see the manager.
   We expected to be late.
   He would like to come.
   verb + object + infinitive 
  I asked Tom to help me.
   We expected him to be late
   He would like me to come
  
   After help you can use the verb with or without to: 
    Can somebody help me (to) move this table?
   Be especially carefully with want. Don’t say “want that …” :
   Everyone wanted him to win the race. (not wanted that he won)
   Do you want me to come early? (not want that I come)
  
  b. tell remind force enable persuade order warn invite teach (how) get (= persuade)
  These verbs have the structure verb + object + infinitive:
 
    Remind me to call Ann tomorrow.
    Who taught you (how) to drive?
   He warned me not to touch anything.
      I got Jack to fix my car.
  Here is an example in the passive: 
  I was warned not to touch anything.
  You cannot use suggest with the infinitive (see also Unit 33c):
   Tom suggested that I buy a car. (not Tom suggested me to buy)
  
  c. advise encourage allow permit
  There are two possible structures after these verbs. Compare:
  
  verb + -ing (without an object)
  I wouldn’t advise staying at that hotel.
  They don’t allow smoking in this building.
  (= Smoking is not allowed in this building)
  
  verb + object + infinitive
  I wouldn’t advise you to stay at that hotel
  They don’t allow you to smoke in this building.
  (= You are not allowed to smoke in this building.)
  
  
  d. Make and let
  These verbs have the structure verb + base form (do, read, etc.):
  
    Hot weather makes me feel uncomfortable. (= causes me to feel)
   I only did it because they made me do it. (= forced me to do it)
   She wouldn’t let me read the letter. (= allow me to read)
  Do not use to after make and let: 
  They made me do it. (not they made me to do it)
   Tom let me drive his car yesterday. (not Tom let me to drive)
  But in the passive make is followed by to (to do):  
I only did it because I was made to do it.
  
UNIT 53 Exercises 
 53.1 Read each sentence and write a second sentence from the words given.  
    Example: Jill didn’t have any money.
   She/want/Ann/lend her some She wanted Ann to lend her some.
  1. Tom’s parents were disappointed when he decided to leave home.
  they/want/Tom/stay with them ___________________________
  2. Please don’t tell anyone that I’m leaving my job.
  I/not/want/anyone/know ___________________________
  3. There’s a football game next Saturday between Army and Navy.
  you/want/Navy/win? ___________________________
  4. Unfortunately someone had told Sue that I was going to visit her.
  I/want/it/be a surprise
  
  53.2 Read the sentence and then write a second sentence with the same meaning. Each time begin in the way shown.
   Examples: “Don’t touch anything,” the man said to me.
  
   The man told me not to touch anything.
   My father said I could use his car. My father allowed me to use his car.
  1. “Don’t forget to mail the letter,” Jack said to me. Jack reminded ______________________
  2. She told me that it would be best if I told the police about the accident.
  She advised ___________________________
  3. I told you that you shouldn’t tell him anything. I warned ___________________________
  4. I was surprised that it rained. I didn’t expect ___________________________
  5. “Would you like to have dinner with me?” Tom said to Ann.
  Tom invited ___________________________
  6. At first I didn’t want to play tennis, but Jane persuaded me. Jan persuaded __________________
  7. The sudden noise caused me to jump. The sudden noise made ___________________________
  8. If you have a car, you are able to travel around more easily.
  Having a car enables ______________________________________________________
  9. She wouldn’t allow me to read the letter. She wouldn’t let ___________________________
  
  53.3 Put the verb in the right form: -ing (doing), base form (do), or infinitive (to do).
   Example: Mr. Thomas doesn’t allow smoking (smoke) in his office.
  1. Mr. Thomas doesn’t let anyone _________ (smoke) in his office.
  2. I don’t know Jack, but I’d like _________ (meet) him.
  3. Where would you advise me _________ (go) for my vacation?
  4. I don’t advise _________ (eat) in that restaurant. The food’s awful.
  5. The film was very sad. It made me _________(cry).
  6. Linda’s parents have always encouraged her _________ (study) hard.
  7. We were kept at the police station for an hour and the allowed _________ (go).
  8. Everybody helped _________ (clean) up after the party.
little confused about  answer, post my answer later, welcome to discuss
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78#
 楼主| 发表于 23-8-2009 09:25:28 | 只看该作者
UNIT 53 Exercises 
 53.1 Read each sentence and write a second sentence from the words given.  
    Example: Jill didn’t have any money.
   She/want/Ann/lend her some She wanted Ann to lend her some.
  1. Tom’s parents were disappointed when he decided to leave home.
  they/want/Tom/stay with them ________they want Tom to stay with them___________________
  2. Please don’t tell anyone that I’m leaving my job.
  I/not/want/anyone/know ____________I want to leave my job_______________
  3. There’s a football game next Saturday between Army and Navy.
  you/want/Navy/win? _____________Do you want anvy to win______________
  4. Unfortunately someone had told Sue that I was going to visit her.
  I/want/it/be a surprise
I want it to be a surprise  
  53.2 Read the sentence and then write a second sentence with the same meaning. Each time begin in the way shown.
   Examples: “Don’t touch anything,” the man said to me.  
   The man told me not to touch anything.
   My father said I could use his car. My father allowed me to use his car.
  1. “Don’t forget to mail the letter,” Jack said to me. Jack reminded _me to  mail the letter_________   2. She told me that it would be best if I told the police about the accident.
  She advised __me to tell police about the accident_________________________
  3. I told you that you shouldn’t tell him anything. I warned _you to tell him nothing_________________________
  4. I was surprised that it rained. I didn’t expect rainning_________________________
  5. “Would you like to have dinner with me?” Tom said to Ann.
  Tom invited _me to dinner__________________________
  6. At first I didn’t want to play tennis, but Jane persuaded me. Jan persuaded _me to play tennis_________________
  7. The sudden noise caused me to jump. The sudden noise made __me jump_________________________
  8. If you have a car, you are able to travel around more easily.
  Having a car enables you travel around more easily____________________________________________________
  9. She wouldn’t allow me to read the letter. She wouldn’t let _me_read the letter________________________
  
  53.3 Put the verb in the right form: -ing (doing), base form (do), or infinitive (to do).
   Example: Mr. Thomas doesn’t allow smoking (smoke) in his office.
  1. Mr. Thomas doesn’t let anyone _smoke________ (smoke) in his office.
  2. I don’t know Jack, but I’d like __meeting_______ (meet) him.
  3. Where would you advise me _to go________ (go) for my vacation?
  4. I don’t advise __eatting_______ (eat) in that restaurant. The food’s awful.
  5. The film was very sad. It made me _____cry____(cry).
  6. Linda’s parents have always encouraged her _to study________ (study) hard.
  7. We were kept at the police station for an hour and the allowed __going_______ (go).
  8. Everybody helped to clean_________ (clean) up after the party.
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79#
 楼主| 发表于 23-8-2009 09:35:18 | 只看该作者
UNIT 54 Infinitive or –ing? (1) – like, would like, etc. 
 a. like hate love can’t bear can’t stand 
  After these verbs and expressions you can use –ing or the infinitive.
   I like getting up early. or I like to get up early.
   I love meeting people. or I love to meet people.
   I hate washing dishes. or I hate to wash dishes.
   She can’t stand being alone. or She can’t stand to be alone.
   He can’t bear living in the city. or He can’t bear to live in the city.
  
  b. dislike enjoy mind   After these verbs you can use –ing, but not the infinitive:  
     I enjoy being alone. (not enjoy to be)
   Why do you dislike living here? (not dislike to live)
   Tom doesn’t mind working at night. (not mind to work)
  
  c. Would like is followed by the infinitive:  
    I would like to be rich.
   Would you like to come to a party?
   Notice the difference in meaning between I like and I would like. I would like is a polite way of saying I want. Compare:
   See also Unit 30.
   We also use the infinitive after would love/hate/prefer:  
    Would you prefer to have dinner now or later?
   I’d love to be able to travel around the world.
  
  d. You can also say “I would like to have done something” (= I regret that I didn’t or couldn’t do something):  
    It’s too bad we didn’t visit Tom. I would like to have seen him again.
   We’d like to have taken a vacation, but we didn’t have enough money.
   The same structure is possible after would love/hate/prefer:
   Poor Jim! I would hate to have been in his position.
   I’d love to have gone to the party, but it was impossible.
   We went to a restaurant but I didn’t enjoy it. I’d prefer to have eaten at home

  UNIT 54 Exercises 
 54.1 Answer these questions using the verbs given:  
   Examples: Why don’t you ever fly? (hate) I hate flying. or I hate to fly.
   Why doesn’t Tom go to the movies so often? (like) He like going to the movies. or He likes to go to the movies.
  1. Why do you always wear a hat? (like) I _____________________________
  2. Why does Ann watch television so often? (enjoy) She _____________________________
  3. Why don’t you ever stay up late? (not/like) _____________________________
  4. Why does Jack take so many pictures? (like) _____________________________
  5. Why don’t you work in the evenings? (hate) _____________________________
  
  54.2 Put the verb into the correct form: -ing or infinitive. Sometimes either form is possible.
   Examples: I enjoy being (be) alone.
   Would you like to come (come) to a party?
  1. Do you mind __________ (travel) such a long distance to work every day?
  2. Beth loves __________ (cook), but she hates __________ (clean) up.
  3. I don’t like that house. I would hate __________ (live) there.
  4. Do you like__________ (drive)?
  5. When I have to catch a plane, I’m always worried about missing it. So I like __________ (get) to the airport in plenty of time.
  6. I very much enjoy __________ (listen) to classical music.
  7. I would love __________ (come) to your wedding, but it just isn’t possible.
  8. Sometime I’d like __________ (learn) to play the guitar.
  
  54.3 Make your own sentences. Say whether you like or don’t like the things in parentheses (…). Choose one of these verbs for each of your sentences:
   (don’t) like love hate enjoy don’t mind
   Example: (reading) I like reading very much.
  1. (playing cards) I _____________________________
  2. (learning languages) _____________________________
  3. (visiting museums) _____________________________
  4. (lying on the beach in the sun) _____________________________
  5. (shopping) _________________________________________________________
  
  54.4 Now write sentences like those in section c.
   Example: It’s too bad I couldn’t go to the wedding. (like)
  1. It’s too bad I didn’t meet Ann. (love) I would love _____________________________
  2. I’m glad I didn’t lose my watch. (hate) I _____________________________
  3. I’m glad I wasn’t alone. (not/like) _____________________________
  4. It’s too bad I couldn’t’ go by train. (prefer) _____________________________
  5. It’s too bad I didn’t see the movie. (like) _____________________________
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80#
 楼主| 发表于 24-8-2009 13:11:38 | 只看该作者
UNIT 55 Infinitive or –ing? (2) –begin, start, continue, remember, try 
 a. begin start continue
   These verbs can usually be followed by –ing or the infinitive. So you can say:  
    The baby began crying. or The baby began to cry.
   It has started raining. or It has started to rain.
   He continued working after his illness. or He continued to work after his illness.
  
  b. Remember to do and remember doing
   You remember to do something before you do it. Remember to do something is the opposite of “forget to do something”:
   I remembered to lock the door before I left, but I forgot to shut the windows. (= I remember to lock the door, and then I locked it)
   Please remember to mail the letter. (= don’t forget to mail it)
   You remember doing something after you do it. I remember doing something = I did something, and now I remember it:
   I clearly remember locking the door before I left. (= I locked it, and now I clearly remember this)
   He could remember driving along the road just before the accident happened, but he couldn’t remember the accident itself.
  
  c. Try to do and try doing
  Try to do = attempt to do, make an effort to do:  
    I was very tired. I tried to keep my eyes open, but I couldn’t.
   Please try to be quiet when you come home. Everyone will be asleep.
  Try doing
  Try also means “do something as an experiment or test”:
  
    Try some of this tea – maybe you’ll like it. (= drink some of it to see if you like it)
   We tried every hotel in town, but they were all full. (= we went to every hotel to see if they had a room)
  If try (with this meaning) is followed by a verb, we say try –ing:
   “I can’t find anywhere to live.” “Why don’t you try putting an ad in the newspaper?” (= do this to see if it helps you to find a place to live)
   I’ve got a terrible headache. I tried taking an aspirin, but it didn’t help. (= I took an aspirin to see if it would stop my headache)
UNIT 55 Exercises  
55.1 Here is some information about Tom when he was a child.
  
   1. He was in the hospital when he was four.
   2. He went to Los Angeles when he was eight.
   3. He fell into the lake.
   4. He cried on his first day of school.
   5. He said he wanted to be a doctor.
   6. He was bitten by a dog.
  
   He can still remember 1, 2 and 4. But he can’t remember 3, 5 and 6. Make sentences beginning He can remember …or he can’t remember …
  
  1. He can remember being in the hospital.
  2. _____________________________
  3. _____________________________
  4. _____________________________
  5. _____________________________
  6. _____________________________
  
  
  55.2 Your friend has some problems, and you have to be helpful. For each problem write a question with try.
   Example: I can’t find a place to live. (put an ad in the newspaper)
   Have you tried putting an ad in the newspaper?
  1. My electric shaver is not working. (change the batteries)
  Have you tried _____________________________
  2. I can’t contact Fred. He’s not at home. (phone him at work)
  Have you _____________________________
  3. I’m having trouble sleeping at night. (take sleeping pills)
  Have _____________________________
  4. The television picture isn’t very good. (move the antenna)
   _____________________________
  
  55.3 Put the verb into correct form: -ing or the infinitive. (Sometimes either form is possible.)
   Examples: Please remember to mail (mail) this letter.
  1. A: You lent me some money a few mouths ago.
  B: Did I? That’s strange. I don’t remember _______ (lend) you any money.
  2. We tried _______ (put) the fire out, but we were unsuccessful. We had to call the fire department.
  3. When you see Liz, remember _______ (give) her my regards, will you?
  4. Someone must have taken my bag. I clearly remember _______ (leave) it by the window and now it’s gone.
  5. When she saw what had happened, she began _______ (laugh) loudly.
  6. Sue needed some money. She tried _______ (ask) Gerry, but he couldn’t help her.
  7. He tried _______ (reach) the shelf, but I he wasn’t tall enough.
  8. “Did you remember _______ (call) Ann?” “Oh no, I completely forgot.”3
  9. I asked them to be quiet, but they continued _______ (make) a lot of noise.
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81#
 楼主| 发表于 25-8-2009 10:02:07 | 只看该作者
UNIT 56 Preposition + -ing 
 a. If a verb comes after a preposition (in/at/with/about, etc.), the verb ends in –ing. Study these examples:  
  Are you interested in
  I’m not very good at
  I’m fed up with
  The children are excited about
  What are the advantages of
  This knife is only for
  John went to work in spite of
  I bought a new bicycle instead of
  Working for us?
  learning languages.
  studying
  going on vacation.
  Having a car?
  cutting bread.
  feeling sick. (see Unit 104.)
  going away on vacation
  
  
  b. You can use –ing with before and after:  
    Before going out I called Ann.
   You can also say: “Before I went out I …”
   What did you do after leaving school?
   You can also say: “… after you left school?”
  
  c. You can use by –ing to say how something happened:  
     They got into the house by breaking a kitchen window and climbing in.
   You can improve your English by doing a lot of reading.
  
  d. You can use by –ing after without:
   Jim left without finishing his dinner.
   She ran five miles without stopping.
   He climbed through the window without anybody seeing him. (or … without being seen.)
   She needs to work without people disturbing her. (or … without being disturbed.)
   It’s nice to go on vacation without having to worry about money.
  
  e. To is a part of the infinitive. For example:
   They decided to go out. I want to play tennis.
   But to is also a preposition. For example:
   Tom went to Hawaii. I prefer cities to the country.
   He gave the book to Mary. I’m looking forward to the weekend.
   If a preposition is followed by a verb, the verb ends in –ing (see section a). So, if to is a preposition and it is followed by a verb, you must say to –ing. For example:
   I prefer bicycling to driving. (not to drive)
   I’m looking forward to seeing Sue again. (not to see)
   For be/get used to –ing see Unit 59.

  UNIT 56 Exercises 
 56.1 Read the sentence and then write a second sentence with the same meaning. Each time begin in the way shown.
   Example: I called Ann, and then I went out. After I called Ann, I went out.
  1. Liz went to bed, but first she had a hot drink. Before ____________________________
  2. The plane took off, and soon afterward it crashed. Soon after ____________________________
  3. We didn’t eat at home. We went to a restaurant instead. Instead of ________________________
  4. You put people’s lives in danger if you drive dangerously.
  You put people’s lives in danger by ____________________________
  5. He hurt his leg, but the managed to win the race. In spite of ____________________________
  6. Bill is a very good cook. Bill is very good at ____________________________
  7. I don’t intend to lend her any money. I have no intention of ____________________________
  8. George exercised more, and lost 10 pounds. By ____________________________
  9. She was angry with me because I was late. She was angry with me for _____________________
  10. Jane thinks that doing nothing is better than working. Jane prefers doing nothing to ____________________________
  
  56.2 Read each situation and then write a sentence with without –ing.
 
  Examples: She ran five miles. She didn’t stop. She ran five miles without stopping.
   He left the room. Nobody saw him. He left the room without anyone seeing him.
  1. He translated the article. He didn’t use a dictionary.
  He translated the article without ____________________________
  2. Look right and left before you cross the street. Don’t cross ____________________________
  3. She got married. Nobody knew about it. She ____________________________
  
  56.3 This time read each situation and write a sentence with look forward to.
 
   Examples: You are going on vacation next week. How do you feel about this?
   I’m looking forward to going on vacation.
   She is taking an exam next week. She’s not very happy about it. How does she feel about it? She is not looking forward to taking the exam.
  1. A good friend is coming to visit you soon, so you will see him/her again. How do you feel about this? I’m ____________________________________________________
  2. You are going to the dentist. You don’t like visits to the dentist. How do you feel about it? ________________________________________________________
  3. Carol is a student. She hates school, and she is graduating next summer. How does she feel about this? She ________________________________________________________
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82#
 楼主| 发表于 26-8-2009 08:41:20 | 只看该作者
UNIT 57 Verb + preposition + -ing 
 a. Many verbs have the structure verb (V) + preposition (P) + object. For example, talk about:
   We talked about the problem. (The problem is the object)
   If the object is another verb, it ends in –ing:
   We talked about going to Japan. (V+P+ -ing)
   Here are some more verbs that have the structure V + P + -ing:
   Succeed in
    Has Tom succeeded in finding a job yet?
   Feel like*
    I don’t feel like going out tonight.
   Think about/of
    Are you thinking of/about buying a house?
   Dream of
     I’ve always dreamed of being rich.
   Approve/disapprove of
   She doesn’t approve of smoking.
   Look forward to
    I’m looking forward to meeting her.
   Insist on
    She insisted on buying me a cup of coffee.
   Decide against
   We decided against moving to California.
   Apologize for
   He apologized for keeping me waiting.
   * I feel like doing = I’d like to do, I’m in the mood to do.
   We say “apologize to someone for something”:
   He apologized to me for keeping me waiting. (not he apologized me)
   With some of these verbs you can also use the structure verb + preposition + someone + -ing.
For example:
   We are all looking forward to Peter (or Peter’s) coming home.
   She doesn’t approve of her son (or son’s) staying out late at night.
   They insisted on me (or my) staying with them. (See also Unit 33c.)
  
   b. These verbs have the structure verb + object + preposition + -ing:
   accuse
   They accused me of telling lies.
   suspect
   Did they suspect the man of being a spy?
   congratulate
    I congratulated Ann on passing the exam.
   prevent
    What prevented him from coming to the wedding?
   stop We stopped everyone from leaving the building.
   thank I thanked her for being so helpful.
   forgive Please forgive me for not writing to you.
   warn They warned us against buying the car.
   Some of these verbs are often used in the passive:
   I was accused of telling lies.
   Was the man suspected of being a spy?
   We were warned against buying it.
UNIT 57 Exercises  
57.1 Write the correct preposition and put the verb into the correct form. Use the verb in parentheses (…) at the end of each sentence.
   Example: Jack insisted an going out by himself. (go)
  1. After a long time we eventually succeeded _________ an apartment. (find)
  2. I’ve been thinking _________ for a new job. (look)
  3. His parents didn’t approve _________ his _________ out so late. (stay)
  4. I wonder what prevented him _________ to the party. (come)
  5. I’m getting hungry. I’m looking forward _________ dinner. (have)
  6. I don’t feel _________ today. (study)
  7. Forgive me _________ you, but I must ask you a question. (interrupt)
  8. The arrested man was suspected _________ into a house. (break)
  9. Have you ever thought _________ married? (get)
  10. I’ve always dreamed _________ on a small island in the Pacific. (live)
  11. The cold water didn’t stop her _________ for a swim. (go)
  12. Have you ever been accused _________ a crime? (commit)
  13. She apologized _________ so rude to me .(be)
  14. We have decided _________ a new car because we can’t afford one. (buy)
  
  57.2 Change direct speech into reported speech. Begin each of your sentences in the way shown.
   Example: “It was nice of you to help me. Thanks very much.” (George said to you)
   George thanked me for helping him.
  1. “I’ll drive you to the airport. I insist.”(Tom said to Ann) Tom insisted ______________________
  2. “I hear you passed your exams. Congratulations!” (Jim said to you)
  Jim congratulated ____________________________________
  3. “It was nice of you to visit me. Thank you.” (Mrs. Richmond said to Sue)
  Mrs. Richmond thanked ____________________________________
  4. “Don’t stay at the hotel near the airport.” (I said to Jack)
  I warned ____________________________________
  5. “I’m sorry I didn’t call you earlier.” (Margaret said to you)
  Margaret apologized __________________ not __________________
  6. “You didn’t pay attention to what I said.” (The teacher said to the boy)
  The teacher accused ____________________________________
  
  57.3 Now write some sentences about yourself. Use –ing
   Example: Today I don’t feel like going out.
  1. This evening I feel like ____________________________________
  2. I’m looking forward to ____________________________________
  3. I’m thinking of ____________________________________
  4. I would never dream of ____________________________________
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83#
 楼主| 发表于 27-8-2009 08:52:49 | 只看该作者
UNIT 58 Expressions + -ing 
A. When these expressions are followed by a verb, the verb ends in –ing:  
    It’s no use…
   It’s no use worrying about it. There’s nothing you can do.
   It’s no use trying to persuade me. You won’t succeed.
  There’s no point in
  There’s no point in buying a car if you don’t want to drive it.
   There was no point in waiting, so we we-nt.
  It’s (not) worth
    My house is only a short walk from here. It’s not worth taking a taxi.
   It was so late when we got home, it wasn’t worth going to bed.
   You can say: “a book is worth reading/a movie is worth seeing, etc.:”
   Do you think this book is worth reading?
   You should go and see that movie. It’s really worth seeing.
  (Have) difficulty/trouble…
   I had difficulty finding a place to live. (not to find)
   Did you have trouble getting a visa?
   People often have great difficulty reading my writing.
   Remember that we say “difficulty” (not difficulties) and “trouble” (not troubles):
   I’m sure you’ll have no difficulty/trouble passing the exam.
   You can also say “(have) difficulty in -ing”:
   He’s shy. He has difficulty in talking to people he doesn’t know well.
  A waste of money/time…
   It’s a waste of time reading that book. It’s trash.
   It’s a waste of money buying things you don’t need.
  Spend/waste (time) …
   I spent hours trying to repair the clock.
   I waste a lot of time daydreaming.
  Go –ing
   We use go –ing for a number of activities (especially sports):
   go shopping go swimming go skiing go fishing go climbing go sailing go riding go sightseeing
   How often do you go swimming?
   I’m going skiing next year.
   I have to go shopping this morning.
   I’ve never been sailing.
  For “I’ve been/I’ve gone” see Unit 13d.
UNIT 58 Exercises  
58.1 Join two sentences to make one sentence.
   Examples: Don’t worry about it. It’s no use. It’s no use worrying about it.
   Don’t get a taxi. It’s not worth it. It’s not worth getting a taxi.
  1. Don’t try to escape. It’s no use. It’s no use ____________________________
  2. Don’t smoke. It’s a waste of money. It’s a waste ____________________________
  3. Don’t ask Tom to help you. It’s no use. It’s no use ____________________________
  4. Don’t hurry. It’s not worth it. It’s not worth ____________________________
  5. Don’t study if you’re feeling tired. There’s not point. There’s no point _____________________
  6. Don’t read newspapers. It’s a waste of time. It’s a ____________________________
  7. Don’t get angry. It’s not worth it. It’s not ____________________________
  8. Don’t work if you don’t need the money. There’s no point. There’s no ____________________
  
  58.2 Make sentences with worth.
   Examples: I’d read this book if I were you. This book is worth reading
   I wouldn’t read this book if I were you. This book isn’t worth reading.
   1. I’d visit the museum if I were you. The museum _________________________
   2. I wouldn’t repair those shoes if I were you. Those shoes ____________________________
   3. I wouldn’t keep these old clothes if I were you. These old clothes _________________________
   4. I’d consider the plan if I were you. The plan ____________________________
  
  58.3 Read these sentences and each time write a new sentence using difficulty or trouble.
   Example: I found a place to live but it was difficult.
   I had difficulty finding a place to live. Or I had trouble finding a place to live.
   1. Tom finds it difficult to meet people. Tom has ____________________________
   2. She found a job. This wasn’t difficult. She had no ____________________________
   3. It won’t be difficult to get a ticket for the concert. You won’t have any ______________________
   4. I find it difficult to understand him when he speaks quickly. I have ________________________
  
  58.4 Complete these sentences with one of the following expressions. Put the verb into the correct form.  
Go skiing go shopping go swimming go sailing go riding
  1. Barry lives by the water and he has a boat, so he often goes sailing.
  2. There’s plenty of snow in the mountains, so we’ll be able to __________
  3. It was a very hot day, so we __________ in the river.
  4. Margaret likes horses. She often __________
  5. The stores are closed now. It’s too late to __________
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84#
 楼主| 发表于 28-8-2009 10:04:06 | 只看该作者
UNIT 59 Be/get used to something (I’m used to …) 
 a. Study this example situation:
   Jane is American, but she has lived in Britain for three years. When she first drove a car in Britain, she found it very difficult because she had to drive on the left instead of on the right. Driving on the left was strange and difficult for her because:
   She wasn’t used to it.
   She wasn’t used to driving on the left.
   After a lot of practice, driving on the left became less strange:
   She got used to driving on the left.
   Now after three years, driving on the left is no problem for her:
   She is used to driving on the left.
   I’m used to something = it is not new or strange for me:
   Frank lives alone. He doesn’t mind this because he has lived alone for 15 years. So he is used to it. He is used to living alone.
   My new shoes felt a bit strange at first because I wasn’t used to them.
   Our new apartment is on a very busy street. I suppose we’ll get used to the noise, but at the moment we find it very annoying.
   Fred has a new job. He has to get up much earlier – at 6:30. He finds this difficult right now because he isn’t used to getting up so early.
  
  b. Notice that we say “She is used to driving on the left.” (not she is used to drive). To in be/get used to is a preposition(介词), not a part of the infinitive (see also Unit 56e). So we say:
   Frank is used to living alone. (not is used to live)
   Jane had to get used to driving on the left. (not get used to drive)
  
  c. Do not confuse I am used to doing (be/get used to) with I used to do. They are different in structure and in meaning.
  I am used to (doing) something = something isn’t strange for me:  
   I am used to the weather in this country.
   I am used to driving on the left because I’ve live in Britain a long time.
  I used to do something means only that I did something regularly in the past (see Unit 24). 
 You can’t use this structure for the present. The structure is “I used to do” (not I am used to do):
   Nowadays I usually stay in bed until late. But when I had a job, I used to get up early

UNIT 59 Exercises 
 59.1 Read these situations and write three sentences with used to, as in the example. 
  Example: Jane is American. She went to Britain and found driving on the left difficult.
  a) At first she wasn’t used to driving on the left.
  b) But soon she got use to driving on the left.
  c) Now she has no problem. She is used to driving on the left.
  1. Juan came to the United State from Spain. In Spain he always had dinner late in the evening. But in the United States dinner was at 6:00. Juan found this strange at first.
  a) At first he wasn’t ___________________________
  b) But after some time he got ___________________________
  c) Now he finds it normal. He ___________________________
  2. Diana is a nurse. She started working nights two years ago. At first she found it strange and didn’t like it.
  a) At first she ___________________________
  b) But after a while ___________________________
  c) Now she doesn’t mind it at all ___________________________
  
  59.2 Read these situations an write a sentence with be/get used to.
   Example: Frank lives alone. He doesn’t mind this. He has always lived alone.
   (he/used/live/alone) He is used to living alone.
  1. Ron sleeps on the floor. He doesn’t mind this. He has always slept on the floor.
  (he/used/sleep/on the floor) He ___________________________
  2. Sue moved from a big house to a much smaller one. What did she have to get used to?
  (she had/used/live/in a smaller house) She had ___________________________
  3. Jack once went to the Middle East. It was too hot for him.
  (he/not/used/the heat) ______________________________________________________
  4. Bill doesn’t have any money. He doesn’t find this unusual because he has never had any money.
  (he/used/have/no money) ______________________________________________________
  5. Amy is going to live in your country. What will she have to get used to? (Write your own answer!) She’ll have to ______________________________________________________
  
  59.3 Put the verb into the correct form, -ing or infinitive (I am used to doing or I used to do.) If necessary, study Unit 24 first.
   Examples: Jane had to get used to driving on the left. (drive)
   Bill used to _______ in good shape. Now he’s in terrible shape. (be)
  1. When I was a child, I used to _______ swimming every day. (go)
  2. It took me a long time to get used to _______ contact lenses. (wear)
  3. There used to _______ a café on this corner, but it was torn down. (be)
  4. I’m the boss. I’m not used to _______ told what to do. (be)
  5. You’ll have to get used to _______ less if you want to lose weight. (eat)
  6. I used to _______ Ann, but now she gets on my nerves. (like)

to get on somebody's nerves
(idiomatic) To annoy or irritate; to bother.
There’s an insect buzzing around in my bedroom tonight, and it’s really getting on my nerves.

  7. Ron got tired very quickly. He wasn’t used to _______ so fast. (run)
  8. Tom used to _______ to a lot of parties when he was a student. (go)
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85#
 楼主| 发表于 29-8-2009 08:21:05 | 只看该作者
  UNIT 60 Infinitive of purpose – “I went out to mail a letter.” So that…
  a. We use the infinitive (to do) to talk about the purpose of doing something (= why someone does something): 
  I went out to mail a letter. (= because I wanted to mail a letter)
   She called me to invite me to a party.
   We shouted to warn everyone of the danger.
   We also use infinitive to talk about the purpose of something, or why someone has/wants/needs/ something:  
   This wall is to keep people out of the garden.
   The President has two bodyguards to protect him.
   I need a bottle opener to open this bottle.
   You can also use in order to (do something):
   We shouted in order to warn everyone of the danger.
   Do not use for in these sentences:  
  I’m going to Mexico to learn Spanish. (not for learning/for to learn)
  
  b. We also use the infinitive to say what can be done or must be done with something:
   It’s usually difficult to find a place to park downtown. (= a place where you can park)
   Do you have a lot of work to do this evening? (= work that you must do)
   Would you like something to eat?
   There were no chairs to sit on, so we all had to sit on the floor.
   She is lonely. She has nobody to talk to.
   We also say time/opportunity/chance/money/energy to do something:  
    They gave me some money to buy some food. (not for buying)
   Did you have time to answer all the questions on the exam?
   These days I don’t get much chance to watch television. I’m too busy.
   Do you have much opportunity to speak English? (= much chance to speak)
  
  c. Sometimes you have to use so that (not the infinitive) to talk about the purpose of doing something. We use so that:
  i) when the purpose is negative (so that … won’t/ wouldn’t …):
 
    I hurried so that I wouldn’t be late. (because I didn’t want to be late)
  Leave early so that you won’t (or don’t) miss the bus.
  ii) With can and could (so that… can/could…):
  He’s learning English so that he can study in the United States.
  We moved to London so that we could visit our friends more often.
  iii) when one person does something so that another person does something else: 
 I gave him my address so that he could contact me.
  He wore glasses and a false beard so that nobody would recognize him.

UNIT 60 Exercises 
 60.1 Use the words in parentheses (…) to answer these questions.  
  Example: Why did you go out? (buy some bread) I went out to buy some bread.
  1. Why do you have to go the bank? (change some money)
  I have to go _________________________
  2. Why did she knock on your door? (wake me up) She _________________________
  3. Why are you saving money? (go to Europe) I _________________________
  4. Why is Ron going into the hospital? (have an operation) _________________________
  5. Why are you wearing two sweaters? (keep warm) _________________________
  6. Why did you go to the police station? (report that my car had been stolen) __________________________________________________
  
  60.2 Complete these sentences with an appropriate verb.  
    Examples: The President has a bodyguard to protect him.
   There were no chairs to sit on, so we all had to sit on the floor.
  1. We are having a party _________ Ann’s birthday.
  2. I didn’t have enough time _________ the newspaper today.
  3. We have no furniture – not even a bed _________ in.
  4. I think I need some new clothes _________.
  5. Tom didn’t have enough energy _________ the mountain.
  6. There will be a meeting next week _________ the problem.
  7. I need a box _________ these books in.
  8. It’s a shame we don’t have any pictures _________ on the wall.
  9. I wish I had enough money ________ a new car.
  10. We’re always busy at work. We don’t get much chance _________ to each other.
  11. I’d like to have the opportunity _________ to Europe.
  
  60.3 Write sentences with so that.
   Examples: I hurried. I didn’t want to be late. I hurried so that I wouldn’t be late.
   I’ll give you my number. I want you to be able to call me.
   I’ll give you my number so that you can (or will be able to) call me.
  1. We wore warm clothes. We didn’t want to get cold.
  We wore ____________________________________
  2. I spoke very slowly. I wanted the man to understand what I said.
  I ____________________________________
  3. I whispered. I didn’t want anyone to hear our conversation.
    I__________________________________________________
    4. Please arrive early. We want to be able to start the meeting on time.
  Please arrive ____________________________________
  5. She locked the door. She didn’t want to be disturbed. ____________________________________
  6. I slowed down. I wanted the car behind me to be able to pass me. ____________________________________
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86#
发表于 29-8-2009 23:55:56 | 只看该作者
楼主真是牛人啊
  
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87#
 楼主| 发表于 30-8-2009 11:03:14 | 只看该作者
UNIT 61 Prefer and would rather  
a. Prefer to do and prefer doing
  You can use “prefer to do” or “prefer doing” to say what you prefer in general.
  Study the difference in structure:
   I prefer (doing) something to (doing) something else
  but I prefer to do something rather than (do) something else  
   I prefer tea to coffee.
   Tom prefers driving to traveling by train.
  but: Tom prefer to drive rather than travel by train.
   I prefer to live in the country rather than (live) in a city.
   Use would prefer to say what someone wants (to do) in a particular situation. You can say would prefer to (do) or would prefer (do)ing: 
  “Would you prefer tea or coffee?” “Coffee, please.”
   “Should we go by train?” “Well, I’d prefer to go by car.” or “Well, I’d prefer going by car.”
  
  b. Would rather (do) = would prefer to do. After would rather we use the base form.
  Compare:
   Should we go by train? Well, I’d prefer to go by car.
   Well, I’d rather go by car. (not to go)
   “Would you rather have tea or coffee?” “Coffee, please.”
   “I’m tired. I’d rather not go out this evening, if you don’t mind.”
   “Do you want to go out this evening?” “I’d rather not.”
  Note the structure:
   I’d rather do something than (do) something else  
I’d rather stay at home than go to the movies.
  
  c. Would rather someone did something
  When you want someone else to do something, you can say I’d rather you did… / I’d rather he did … etc. We use the past in this structure, but the meaning is present or future, not past. Compare: 
     I’d rather cook dinner now.
   I’d rather you cooked dinner now. (not I’d rather you cook)
   “Shall I stay here?” “Well, I’d rather you came with us.”
   I’d rather you didn’t tell anyone what I said.
   “Do you mind if I smoke?” “I’d rather you didn’t?”


UNIT 61 Exercises 
 61.1 Make sentences using “I prefer (something) to (something else).”
   Example: (driving/traveling by train) I prefer driving to traveling by train.
  1. (San Francisco/Los Angeles) I prefer San Francisco _________________________________
  2. (calling people/writing letters) I prefer _________________________________
  3. (going to the movies/watching movies on TV) I _________________________________
  Now rewrite sentences 2 and 3 using the structure “I prefer to do (something)…”
  Example: I prefer to drive rather than travel by train.
  4. (2) I prefer to call _________________________________
  5. (3) I __________________________________________________________________
  
  61.2 Answer these question using I’d rather… Use the words in parentheses (…) for your answers.
   Example: Would you like to walk? (go by car) I’d rather go by car.
  1. Would you like to play tennis? (go for a swim) I’d ______________________
  2. Do you want to watch television? (read a book) I'd ______________________
  3. Shall we leave now? (wait for a few minutes) I'd___________________
  4. Would you like to go to a restaurant? (eat at home) ______________________
  5. Should we decide now? (think about it for while) ______________________
   Now make sentences using I’d rather… than … (see section b).  
   Example: (walk/go by car) I’d rather walk than go by car.
  6. (go for a swim/play tennis) I’d rather ______________________
  7. (read a book/watch television) I ______________________
  8. (wait for a few minutes/leave now) ______________________
  9. (eat at home/go to a restaurant) ______________________
  10. (think about it for a while/decide now) ______________________
  
  61.3 Use “I’d rather you (did something).”
  You are talking to a friend. You say you’ll do something, but really you want your to do it.
   Example: I’ll cook the dinner if you really want me to, but I’d rather you cooked it.
  1. I’ll call Tom if you really want me to, but I’d rather ______________________
  2. I’ll do the dished if you really want me to, but ______________________
  3. I’ll go to the bank if you really want me to, but ______________________
  4. I’ll tell Ann what happened if you really want me to, but ________________________________
  
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88#
 楼主| 发表于 30-8-2009 11:05:47 | 只看该作者
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89#
 楼主| 发表于 31-8-2009 09:30:38 | 只看该作者
UNIT 62 Had better do something It’s time someone did something  
a. Had better do something  
The meaning of had better (I’d better) is similar to should. “I’d better do something” = bad might happen:
   I have to meet Tom in ten minutes. I’d better go now or I’ll be late.
   “Should I take an umbrella?” “Yes, you’d better. It might rain.”
   We’ve almost run out of gas. We’d better stop at the next gas station to fill up.
  The negative form is had better not (’d better not):  
  You don’t look very well. You’d better not go to work today.
   “Are you going out tonight?” “I’d better not. I’ve got a lot of work to do.”
  The form is always “had better” (usually ’d better in spoken English). We say had but the meaning is present or future, not past:   I’d better go to the bank this afternoon.
  Remember that had better is followed by the base form (not to …):
   It might rain. We’d better take an umbrella. (not better to take)
  
  b. It’s time…
  You can say “it’s time (for someone) to do something”:
   It’s time to go home.
   It’s time for us to go home.
  There is another structure: It’s time someone did something:  
    It’s nearly midnight. It’s time we went home.
  We use the past (went) after It’s time someone…, but the meaning is present or future, not past:
   Why are you still in bed? It’s time you got up. (not time you get up)
  We use the structure It’s time someone did something especially when we are complaining or criticizing, or when we think someone should have already done something:
   It’s time the children were in bed. It’s long past their bedtime.
   You’ve been wearing the same clothes for ages. Isn’t it time you bought some new ones?
   I think it’s time the government did something about pollution.
  We also say “It’s high time someone did something.”
   “It’s about time
  This makes the complaint or criticism stronger:
   You’re very selfish. It’s high time you realized that you’re not the most important person in the world.
   It’s about time Jack did some studying for his exams.
UNIT 62 Exercises 
 62.1 Read each situation and write a sentence with had better.
   Examples: You’re going out for a walk with Tom. You think you should take an umbrella because it might rain. What do you say to Tom? We’d better take an umbrella.
   Tom doesn’t look very well. You don’t think he should go to work today. What do you say to Tom? You’d better not go to work today.
  1. Mary suddenly begins to feel sick. You think she should sit down. What do you say to her?
   __________________________________________________________
  2. You and Tom are going to the theater. You’ve just missed the bus. You think you should take a taxi. What do you say to Tom? We __________________________________
  3. Ann wants to play the piano late at night. You know that she’ll wake up the people next door. What do you say to Ann? __________________________________
  4. You and Sue are going to a restaurant might be crowed. What do you say to Sue? __________________________________
  5. Joe has just cut himself. You think he should put a Band-Aid on the cut. What do you say to him? __________________________________
  6. You are going to take your car on your vacation. You think you should have the oil changed before you go. What do you say (to yourself)? __________________________________
  7. You are by a river. It’s a hot day and your friend suggests going for a swim. You don’t think you should because the river looks dirty. What do you say? __________________________________
  
  62.2 Write sentences with It’s time someone did something. 
    Examples: You think the children should be in bed. It’s already 11:00.
   It’s time the children were in bed. (or went to bed)
   You think something should be done about the traffic problem downtown.
   It’s (about) time something was done about the traffic problem downtown.
  1. You think you should take a vacation because you haven’t taken one in very long time. It’s time I __________________________________
  2. You think Tom should write to his parents. He hasn’t written to them for ages. It’s time __________________________________
  3. This room should be redecorated. It looks awful. It’s  time __________________________________
  4. You’re waiting for Ann. She is late. She should be here by now. __________________________
  5. You’re sitting on a plane waiting for it to take off. It’s already five minutes late. __________________________________
  6. You feel very strongly that the government should stop spending money on weapons and should concentrate on raising the standard of living. __________________________________
  7. You think you should start getting dinner ready. It’s nearly dinnertime already. ??? It's time I had dinner ? right?__________________________________
  8. You haven’t been to the dentist in almost a year. You should go every six months. __________________________________

[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 1-9-2009 08:40 编辑 ]
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90#
发表于 31-8-2009 14:00:17 | 只看该作者
  非常感谢楼主,我已经下载了,英语丢了很久,语法还是需要系统的再复习,一起努力~
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