每日一贴学英语语法

smallmoon

UNIT 19 Present perfect with how long; simple past with when; since and for　　
a. Use the simple past (I did) to ask or say when something happened:　　 A: When did it start raining?
　　 B: It started raining at one o’clock/ an hour ago.
　　 A: When did Joe and Carol first meet?
　　 B: They first met when they were in college/ a long time ago.
　　 Use the present perfect (I have done/ I have been doing) to ask or say how long something has been happening (up to the present):
　　 A: How long has it been raining?
　　 B: It’s been raining since one o’clock/ for an hour.
　　 A: How long have Joe and Carol known each other?
　　 B: They’ve known each other since they were in college/ for a long time.
　　
　　b. Since and for
　　We use both since and for to say how long something has been happening:
　　 I’ve been waiting for you since 8 o’clock.
　　 I’ve been waiting for you for two hours.
　　We use since when we say the beginning of the period (8 o’clock).　
    　We use for when we say the period of time (two hours).　　
since for
　　
　　8 o’clock Monday
　　May 12 April
　　1977 Christmas
　　lunchtime we arrived
　　two hours ten minutes
　　three days six months
　　a week five days
　　a long time ages
　　
　　
　　 She’s been working here since April. (= from April until now)
　　 She’s been working here for six months. (not since six months)
　　 I haven’t seen Tom since Monday. (= from Monday until now)
　　 I haven’t seen Tom for three days. (not since three days)
　　We do not use for in expressions with all (all day/all morning/all week/all my life, etc.):　　
    I’ve lived here all my life. (not for all my life)
　　
　　c. Note the structure How long has it been since …?:
　　A: How long has it been since you had a vacation?
　　B: It’s been (= it has been) two years since I had a vacation. (= I haven’t had a vacation for two years.)
　　It’s been ages since Aunt Helen visited us. (= She hasn’t visited us for ages.)
　　UNIT 19 Exercises　
　19.1 Write questions with how long and when.　　
   Example: It is raining. (how long/it/rain?) How long has it been raining?
　　 (when/it/start/raining?) When did it start raining?
　　1. Ann is studying Italian.
　　(How long/she/study/Italian?) __________________________
　　(when/she/begin/studying Italian?) __________________________
　　2. I know Tom.
　　(how long/you/know/Tom?) __________________________
　　(when/you/first/meet/Tom?) __________________________
　　3. Glen and Mary are married.
　　(how long/they/be/married?) __________________________
　　(when/they/get/married?) __________________________
　　
　　19.2 Put in since or for　　
    Example: Tom and I have known each other for six months.
　　1. It’s been raining _____ I got up this morning.
　　2. Randy’s father has been a policeman _____ 20 years.
　　3. Have you been studying English _____ a long time?
　　4. _____ Christmas, the weather has been quite mild.
　　5. Janet has been on vacation _____ three days.
　　6. That’s a very old car. I’ve had it _____ ages.
　　
　　19.3 Make a new sentence beginning in the way shown.
　　 Examples: I know Liz. I first met her six months ago. I have known her for six months
　　 It’s been raining since 2:00. It started raining at 2:00.
　　1. Maria’s sick. She got sick three days ago. She has __________________________
　　2. We have been married for five years. We got __________________________
　　3. Jim has a beard. He grew it ten years ago. He has __________________________
　　4. She has been in France for three weeks. She went __________________________
　　5. He has had his new car since February. He bought __________________________
　　
　　19.4 Imagine that two people are talking. Make sentences with It’s …since…　　
     Example: A: Do you take a vacation very often? (no/five years)
　　 B: No, it’s been five years since I took a vacation.
　　1. A: Do you eat in restaurants very often? (no/six months)
　　B: No, it __________________________
　　2. A: Does it snow here very often? (no/years)
　　B: No, __________________________
　　3. A: Do you go swimming very often? (no/ a long time)
　　B: __________________________

[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 27-7-2009 09:55 编辑 ]

rosanna

smallmoon

UNIT 20 Present perfect (I have done) or simple past (I did)?　
　a. It is often possible to use the present perfect (I have done) or the simple past (I did).　　
     I’ve lost my key. Have you seen it anywhere?
　　 or I lost my key. Did you see it anywhere?
　　But do not use the present perfect to say when something happened (for example, yesterday, two years ago, when I was a child, etc.). Use a past tense in these sentences:　　
     I lost my key yesterday. (not have lost)
　　 Did you see the movie on TV last night? (not have you see)
　　 I ate a lot of candy when I was a child. (not have eaten)
　　Use a past tense to ask when or what time something happened:　　
     What time did they arrive? (not have they arrived)
　　 When were you born? (not have been born)
　　
　　b. Do not use the present perfect (I have done) for happenings and actions that are not connected with the present (for example, historical events):　　
      The Chinese invented printing. (not have invented)
　　 How many symphonies did Beethoven compose? (not has…composed)
　　
　　
　　c. Now compare these sentences:　　
　　Present perfect (I have done)
　　I’ve smoked 20 cigarettes today.
　　Today is a period of time that continues up to the present. It is not a finished time. So we use the present perfect.
　　Dan hasn’t been sick this year.
　　Have you seen Ann this morning?
　　(It is still morning.)
　　Have you seen Ann recently?
　　We’ve been waiting for an hour. (We are still waiting.)
　　Pierre has lived in Quebec for six years. (He still lives there)
　　I have never played golf (in my life).
　　
　　The present perfect always has a connection with the present.
　　See Units 13-19
　　Simple past (I did)
　　I smoked 20 cigarettes yesterday.
　　Yesterday is a finished time in the past. So we use the simple past.
　　Dan wasn’t sick last year.
　　Did you see Ann this morning? (It is now afternoon)
　　Did you see Ann last week?
　　We waited (or were waiting) for an hour. (We are no longer waiting)
　　Pierre lived in Quebec for ten years. (He no longer lives there.)
　　I didn’t play golf when I was on vacation last summer.
　　
　　The simple past tells us only about the past.　　See Unit 11-12

UNIT 20 Exercises　

　20.1 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.　　
   Examples: Have you heard? Suzanne has gotten married! Right
　　 The Chinese have invented printing. Wrong invented
　　1. Who has written the play Hamlet? _____
　　2. Aristotle has been a Greek philosopher. ____
　　3. Ow! I’ve cut my finger. It’s bleeding. _____
　　4. My grandparents got married in Montreal. _____
　　5. Einstein was the physicist who has developed the theory of relativity. ___
　　6. Abraham Lincoln was President of the U.S. from 1861 to 1865. _____
　　7. The U.S. has bought Alaska from Russia in 1867. _____
　　8. Jill bought a new car two weeks ago. _____
　　9. Have you visited many museums when you were in Paris? _____
　　10. When did you give up smoking? _____
　　11. My bicycle isn’t here. Somebody has taken it. _____
　　12. I haven’t eaten anything yesterday because I haven’t been hungry. _____
　　
　　20.2 Make sentences using the words given.　　
    Examples: (I/smoke/ 20 cigarettes yesterday) I smoked 20 cigarettes yesterday.
　　 (how many cigarette/you/smoke/today?) How may cigarettes have you smoked today?
　　1. (I/be/sick twice so far this year) I _______________________
　　2. (how many times/be/you/sick last year?) How many times _______________________
　　3. (I/not/drink/any coffee so far today) _______________________
　　4. (he/be/late three times this week) _______________________
　　5. (how many games/ the team/win/last season?) _______________________
　　6. (how many games/the team/win/so far this season?) _______________________
　　
　　20.3 Put the verb into the correct form: present perfect (I have done) or simple past (I did).　　
     Example: I didn’t play (not/play) golf when I was on vacation last summer.
　　1. Mr. Clark ____________ (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.
　　2. George lives in Athens. He ____________ (live) there all his life.
　　3. Bob and Alice are married. They ____________ (be) married for 20 years.
　　4. When we were on vacation, the weather ____________ (be) terrible.
　　5. The weather ____________ (be) very nice lately.
　　6. My grandfather died 30 years ago. I ____________ (never/meet) him.
　　7. I don’t know Carol’s husband. I ____________ (never/meet) him.


post my answer later and welcome to discuss

smallmoon

UNIT 20 Exercises　

　20.1 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.　　
   Examples: Have you heard? Suzanne has gotten married! Right
　　 The Chinese have invented printing. Wrong invented
　　1. Who has written the play Hamlet? ____writen_
　　2. Aristotle has been a Greek philosopher. __is__
　　3. Ow! I’ve cut my finger. It’s bleeding. _____
　　4. My grandparents got married in Montreal. _____
　　5. Einstein was the physicist who has developed the theory of relativity. __developed_
　　6. Abraham Lincoln was President of the U.S. from 1861 to 1865. _____
　　7. The U.S. has bought Alaska from Russia in 1867. ___bought__
　　8. Jill bought a new car two weeks ago. _____
　　9. Have you visited many museums when you were in Paris? ____Did_
　　10. When did you give up smoking? _____
　　11. My bicycle isn’t here. Somebody has taken it. _____
　　12. I haven’t eaten anything yesterday because I haven’t been hungry. __did not eat__
　　
　　20.2 Make sentences using the words given.　　
    Examples: (I/smoke/ 20 cigarettes yesterday) I smoked 20 cigarettes yesterday.
　　 (how many cigarette/you/smoke/today?) How many cigarettes have you smoked today?
　　1. (I/be/sick twice so far this year) I _______________I have sick twiic so far this year________
　　2. (how many times/be/you/sick last year?) How many times ______were you sicked last year_________________
　　3. (I/not/drink/any coffee so far today) __________________I has not drunk coffee so far today_____
　　4. (he/be/late three times this week) _____He has been late three times this week__________________
　　5. (how many games/ the team/win/last season?) _________how many games did  the team win last season______________
　　6. (how many games/the team/win/so far this season?) __________how many games has the team won so for this season_____________
　　
　　20.3 Put the verb into the correct form: present perfect (I have done) or simple past (I did).　　
     Example: I didn’t play (not/play) golf when I was on vacation last summer.
　　1. Mr. Clark ______ worked______ (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.not sure about this answer, has worked or just work?
　　2. George lives in Athens. He ______have been (live) there all his life.
　　3. Bob and Alice are married. They ______have been______ (be) married for 20 years.
　　4. When we were on vacation, the weather ________was____ (be) terrible.
　　5. The weather ___________has been_ (be) very nice lately.
　　6. My grandfather died 30 years ago. I _________ never met___ (never/meet) him.
　　7. I don’t know Carol’s husband. I _____have never met_______ (never/meet) him.

[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 29-7-2009 09:27 编辑 ]

smallmoon

UNIT 21 Past perfect (I had done)　
　a. Study this example situation:　　
    I went to a party last week. Tom went to the party too. Tom went home at 10:30. So, when I arrived at 11:00, Tom wasn’t there.
　　When I arrived at the party, Tom wasn’t there. He had gone home.
　　This is the past perfect (simple) tense:
　　I/he/she (etc.) had (= I’d/he’d/she’d, etc.) gone
　　I/he/she (etc.) hadn’t gone
　　had you/he/she (etc.) gone?
　　We form the past perfect with had + the past participle (gone/opened/written, etc.). For irregular past participles see Appendix 2.
　　Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past:
　　 I arrived at the party.
　　We use the past perfect to say that something had already happened before this time:　　
    When I arrived at the party, Tom had already gone home.
　　Here are some more examples:
　　 When I got home, I found that someone had broken into my apartment and had stolen my fur coat.
　　 George didn’t want to come to the movies with us because he had already seen the film twice.
　　 It was my first time in an airplane. I was very nervous because I had never flown before.
　　
　　b. The past perfect (I had done) is the present perfect (I have done). Compare these situations:　　
　　Present
　　I’m not hungry. I’ve just had lunch.
　　The house is dirty. We haven’t cleaned it for weeks.
　　Past
　　I wasn’t hungry. I’d just had lunch.
　　The house was dirty. When hadn’t cleaned it for weeks.
　　
　　
　　c. Compare the past perfect (I had done) and the simple past (I did):　　
   “Was Tom there when you arrived?” “No, he had already gone home.”
　　 but: “Was Tom there when you arrived?” “Yes, but he went home soon afterward.”
　　 Ann wasn’t home when I called her. She was at work.
　　 but: “Ann had just gone home when I called her. She had been at work.”
　　 For the past perfect continuous see Unit 22.

　　UNIT 21 Exercises　　
21.1 Complete these sentences using the verbs in parentheses (…).
You went back to your home town after many years, and you found that many things were different.
　　 Example: Most of my friends were no longer there. They had left (leave).
　　1. My best friend, Kevin, was no longer there. He ______________ (go) away.
　　2. The local movie theater was no longer open. It ____________ (close) down.
　　3. Mr. Johnson was no longer alive. He ____________ (die).
　　4. I didn’t recognize Mrs. Johnson. She ____________ (change) a lot.
　　5. Bill no longer had his car. He ____________ (self) it.
　　
　　21.2 Complete these sentences as in the example. Use the verb in parentheses.　　
   Example: Mr. and Mrs. Davis were in an airplane. They were very nervous as the plane took off because they (never/fly) had never flown before.
　　1. The woman was a complete stranger to me. (never/see) I ____________ before.
　　2. Margaret was late for work. Her boss was very surprised. (never/be/late) She ____________
　　3. Jane played tennis yesterday – at least she tried to play tennis. She wasn’t very good at it because she (never/play) ____________
　　4. It was Carl’s first driving lesson. He was very nervous and didn’t know what to do.
　　(never/drive) He ____________

　　21.3 Make sentences using the words in parentheses.　　
     Example: I wasn’t hungry. (I/just/have/lunch) I had just had lunch.
　　1. Tom wasn’t home when I arrived. (he/just/go/out) ________________________
　　2. We arrived at the theater late. (the movie/already/begin) ________________________
　　3. They weren’t eating when I went to see them. (they/just/finish/their dinner) ________________________
　　4. I invited Ann to dinner last night, but she couldn’t come. (she/already/make plans/to do something else)
　　5. I was very pleased to see Diane again after such a long time. (I/not/see/her for five years)
　　
　　21.4 Put the verb into the correct form: past perfect (I had done) or simple past (I did).　　
    Examples: “Was Tom there when you arrived?” “No, he had gone (go) home.”
　　 “Was Tom there when you arrived?” “Yes, but he went (go) home soon afterward.”
　　1. The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody __________ (go) to bed.
　　2. I felt very tired when I got home, so I __________ (go) straight to bed.
　　3. Sorry I’m late. The car __________ (break) down on my way here.
　　4. There was a car by the side of the road. It __________ (break) down and the driver was trying to repair it. So we __________ (stop) to see if we could help.

smallmoon

UNIT 22 Past perfect continuous (I had been doing)　
　a. Study this example situation:　　
    Yesterday morning I got up and looked out the window. The sun was shining, but the ground was very wet.
　　 It wasn’t raining when I looked out the window; the sun was shining. But it had been raining. That’s why the ground was wet.
　　 Had been raining is the past perfect continuous tense:　　
   I/he/she (etc.) had (= I’d/he’d/she’d, etc.) been doing
　　 Here are some more examples:
　　 When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was a mess, and one had a black eye. They had been fighting.
　　 I was very tired when I arrived home. I’d been working hard all day.
　　
　　b. You can use the past perfect continuous to say how long something had been happening before something else happened:　　
    The soccer game had to be stopped. They had been playing for half an hour when there was a terrible storm.
　　 Ken had been smoking for 30 years when he finally gave it up.
　　
　　c. The past perfect continuous (I had been doing) is the past of the present perfect continuous (I have been doing). Compare:
　　 　　Present
　　 How long have you been waiting? (until now)
　　 He’s out of breath. He has been running.
　　 Past
　　 How long had you been waiting when the bus finally came?
　　 He was out of breath. He had been running.
　　
　　
　　d. Compare the past perfect continuous (I had been doing) with the past continuous (I was doing):　　
    When I looked out the window, it had been raining. (= It wasn’t raining when I looked out; it had stopped.)
　　 When I looked out the window, it was raining. (= Rain was falling at the time I looked out.)
　　
　　e. Some verbs (for example, know) cannot be used in the continuous form. See Unit 3b for a list of these verbs.
　　For the past perfect simple see Unit 21
22.1 Read the situation and the write a sentence.
　 Example: The two boys came into the house. One had a black eye and the other had a cut lip. (they/fight) they had been fighting.
　　1. Tom was watching TV. He was feeling very tired.
　　(he/study/hard all day) He ________________________
　　2. When I walked into the room, it was empty. But it smelled of cigarettes.
　　(somebody/smoke/in the room) Somebody ________________________
　　3. When Mary came back from the beach, she looked very red from the sun.
　　(she/lie/in the sun too long) ________________________
　　4. The two boys came into the house. They had a football, and they were both very tired.
　　(they/play/football) ________________________
　　5. Ann woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened, and she didn’t know where she was. (she/dream) ________________________
　　
　　22.2 Read the situation and then write a sentence.　　
   Example: We began playing football. After half an hour there was a terrible storm.
　　 We had been playing for half an hour when there was a terrible storm.
　　1. The orchestra began playing at the concert. After about ten minutes a man in the audience suddenly began shouting.
　　The orchestra ________________________ for about ten minutes when____________________
　　2. I had arranged to meet Sue in a café. I arrived and began waiting. After 20 minutes I realized that I had come to the wrong café.
　　I ________________________when I ________________________
　　3. Mr. and Mrs. Jenkins went to live in the south of France. Six months later Mr. Jenkins died. They ________________________ when ________________________
　　
　　22.3 Put the verb into the correct form: past perfect continuous (I had been doing) or past continuous (I was doing)　　
   Examples: Sue was leaning against the wall, out of breath. She had been running. (run)
　　 I tried to catch Sue but I couldn’t. She was running (run) very fast.
　　 1. Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He __________ (look) for his contact lens.
　　 2. We __________ (walk) along the road for about 20 minutes when a car stopped and the driver offered us a lift.
　　 3. When I arrived, everyone was sitting around the table with their mouths full. They _______ (eat)
　　 4. When I arrived, everyone was sitting around the table and talking. Their mouths were empty but their stomachs were full. They __________ (eat).
　　 5. When I arrived, Ann __________ (wait) for me. She was annoyed because I was late, and she __________ (wait) for a very long time.

smallmoon

UNIT 23 Have and have got　　
a. Have/has/had = possess, but we also use have for other things (for example, family relationships):　　
     We have a new car.
　　 I have a brother and two sisters.
　　 Tom has a headache/a cold/the flu/etc.
　　 When she was a child, she had long blonde hair.
　　 In questions use do/does/did:　
  　 How many brothers and sisters do you have?
　　 Does Ann have a car?
　　 Did you have a car when you lived in California? (not had you a car)
　　 In negative sentences use don’t/doesn’t/didn’t:　　
     I don’t have any money.
　　 Ann doesn’t have any brothers or sisters.
　　 I wanted to call you, but I didn’t have your number. (now I hadn’t your number)
　　 He didn’t have a watch, so he didn’t know what time it was.
　　
　　b. Have got /has got
　　You can use have got/has got rather than have/has alone::　　
    We’ve got a new car. (= We have a new car.)
　　 Tom has got a headache. (= Tom has a headache.)
　　The question and negative forms are:
　　 Have you got a headache? (= do you have)
　　 Has she got any brothers or sister? (= does she have)
　　 I haven’t got any money. (= I don’t have)
　　 Ann hasn’t got a car. (= Ann doesn’t have)
　　But don’t use got for the past:　
　 When she was a child, she had long blonde hair. (not she had got)
　　
　　c. Have for actions　
  　We also use have for a number of actions (especially eating and drinking):
　　have breakfast/lunch/dinner/a meal/a cup of coffee/a cigarette/etc.
　　
　　have a good time/a nice day/etc.
　　have a look (at something)
　　have a party (= give a party)
　　have a baby (= give birth to a baby)
　　
　　(You cannot use have got in these expressions)
　　 I always have a big breakfast in the morning. (not have got)
　　 Did you have a good time last night?
　　 We’re having a party on Saturday. Would you like to come?
　　 What time does Ann usually have lunch?
UNIT 23 Exercises　
　23.1 Make negative sentences with have. Some sentences are present (can’t) and some past (couldn’t).
　　 Examples: I can’t make a phone call. (any change) I don’t have any change. (or: I haven’t got any change.)
　　 I couldn’t read the notice. (my glasses) I didn’t have my glasses.
　　 1. I can’t climb up onto the roof. (a ladder) I ________________________
　　 2. We couldn’t visit the museum. (enough time) We ________________________
　　 3. He couldn’t find his way to our house. (map) ________________________
　　 4. She can’t pay her bills. (any money) ________________________
　　 5. I couldn’t make an omelette. (any eggs) ________________________
　　 6. I can’t get into the house. (my key) ________________________
　　 7. They couldn’t take any photographs. (a camera) ________________________
　　 8. We couldn’t go out in the rain. (an umbrella) ________________________
　　
　　23.2 Complete these questions with have. Some are present and some are past.
　　 Examples: Excuse me, do you have a light, please?
　　 Did you have a lot of friends when you lived in Greece?
　　1. Why are you holding your mouth like that? ________________________ a toothache?
　　2. _______________ enough time to answer all the questions when you took your exam last week?
　　3. I need a stamp for this letter. ________________________ any?
　　4. “It started to rain when I was walking home.” “Did it? ______________________ an umbrella?”
　　5. “________________________ the time, Please?” “Yes, it’s ten after seven.”
　　6. ________________________ your own room when you were a child?
　　
　　23.3 Complete these sentences using the expressions below.
Put the verb into the correct form where necessary.
　　 have a baby
　　 have a look
　　 have a cigarette
　　 have a good time
　　 have a good flight
　　 have a nice lunch
　　 have a party
　　 have a nice day
　　 have something to drink
　　
　　1. Tom has just come back from a restaurant. You say: Hi, Tom. Did you have a nice lunch?
　　2. We ____________________ last week. It was great – we invited lots of people.
　　3. Thank you for shopping here, and ________________________!
　　4. Suzanne took six months off her job when she ________________________
　　5. Excuse me, can I ________________________ at your newspaper, please?
　　6. You meet Ann at the airport. She has just arrived. You say: Hello, Ann. ___________________?
　　7. I don’t usually smoke, but I was feeling nervous, so I ________________________.
　　8. If you’re thirsty, why don’t you ________________________?
　　9. I haven’t seen you since you came back from vacation. ________________________?

smallmoon

UNIT 24 Used to (I used to do)　
　a. Study this example situation:　　
    This is Dennis. He gave up smoking two years ago. He no longer smokes.
　　 But he used to smoke. He used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day.
　　 He used to smoke means that he smoked regularly for some time in the past, but he doesn’t smoke now.
　　 We use used to with the base form (used to do/used to smoke, etc.) to say that something happened regularly in the past but no longer happens:
　　 I used to play tennis a lot, but now I’m too lazy.
　　 “Do you go to the movies very often?” “Not now, but I used to.”
　　 Sue used to travel a lot. These days she doesn’t go away very often.
　　 We also use used to for past situations (that no longer exist):
　　 We used to live in a small village, but now we live in Milan.
　　 This building is now a furniture store. It used to be a movie theater.
　　 Do you see that hill over there? There used to be a castle on that hill.
　　 I’ve started drinking tea lately. I never used to like it before.
　　 Ann used to have long hair, but she cut it some time age.
　　
　　b. Used to + base form is always past. There is no present. You cannot say “I use to do.” For the present, use the simple present (I do). Compare the present and past:
　　Past he used to smoke we used to live there used to be
　　Present he smoke we like there is
　　
　　c. The normal question form is did … use to …?:
　　 Did you use to eat a lot of candy when you were a child?
　　 The negative form is didn’t use to … (or never used to)
　　 Jim didn’t use to go out very often until he met Jill. (or never used to go out)
　　
　　d. Be careful not to confuse I used to do and I am used to doing (see Unit 59). The structures and meanings are different:
　　 I used to live alone. (= I lived alone but I no longer live alone.)
　　 I am used to living alone. (= I live alone and don’t find it strange or new because I’ve been living alone for some time.)
UNIT 24 Exercises 　
　24.1 Complete each sentence with used to …
　　 Example: Dennis doesn’t smoke anymore, but he used to smoke 40 cigarette a day.
　　1. The baby doesn’t cry so much now, but she ________________________ every night.
　　2. She ________________________ my best friend, but we aren’t friends anymore.
　　3. We live in Barcelona now, but we ________________________ in Madrid.
　　4. Now there’s only one café in the village, but there ________________________ three.
　　5. When I was a child I ________________________ ice cream, but I don’t like it now.
　　6. Now Tom has a car. He ________________________ a motorcycle.
　　
　　24.2 Write some sentences about a man who changed his lifestyle. Ron stopped doing some things and started doing other things.
　　 Studying had smoking
　　 He stopped going to bed early He started staying out late
　　 Running three miles every morning spending a lot of money
　　
　　 Make sentences like these:
　　 Examples: He used to study hard.
　　 He never used to smoke. or He didn’t use to smoke.
　　1. ________________________
　　2. ________________________
　　3. ________________________
　　4. ________________________
　　
　　24.3 Write sentences about the present. Remember there is no present tense of used to.
　　 Examples: Ron used to study hard, but now he doesn’t study very hard.
　　 Ron didn’t use to smoke, but now he smokes.
　　1. Mark used to play tennis a lot, but now ________________________
　　2. Mary never used to drink coffee, but now ________________________
　　3. Jill didn’t use to be fat, but now ________________________
　　4. Jack didn’t use to go out much, but now ________________________
　　
　　24.4 Ask some question. Mr. Park is an old man now. You are asking someone what he used to do when he was younger.
　　 Example: I know he doesn’t smoke now, but did he use to smoke
　　1. I know he doesn’t play the piano now, but ________________________
　　2. I know he isn’t very rich now, but ________________________
　　3. I know he doesn’t go out very often these days, but ________________________
　　4. I know he doesn’t dance these days, but ________________________
　　5. I know he doesn’t have many friends now, but ______________________

gzrose

有简单点的吗?昏

smallmoon

UNIT 25 Can, could, and be able to
　　a. We use can (do) to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability to do something. The negative is can’t.　　     You can see the ocean from our bedroom window.
　　 Can you speak any foreign languages?
　　 I’m afraid I can’t come to your party next Friday.
　　 Be able to is possible instead of can, but can is more usual:　　
     Are you able to speak any foreign languages?
　　 But can has only two forms: can (present) and could (past). So sometimes you have to use be able to:
　　 I haven’t been able to sleep recently. (can has no present perfect)
　　 Sue might not be able to come tomorrow. (can has no infinitive)
　　 I’m very busy today, but I should he able to meet with you tomorrow.
　　
　　b. Could and was able to 　　Sometimes could is the past of can. We use could especially with these verbs:
　　see hear smell taste feel remember understand
　　 When we went into the house, we could smell something burning.
　　 She spoke in a low voice, but I could understand what she was saying.
　　We also use could to say that someone had the general ability to do something:
　　 My grandfather could speak five languages.
　　 When Joe was 16, he could run 100 meters in 11 seconds.
　　But if you mean that someone managed to do something in one particular situation, you have to use was/were able to (not could):　　 The fire spread through the building very quickly, but everyone was able (= managed) to escape. (not could escape)
　　 They didn’t want to come with us at first, but finally we were able (= managed) to persuade them. (not could persuade)
　　Compare could and was able to in this example:　　
    Jack was an excellent tennis player. He could beat anybody. (= He had the ability to beat anybody.)
　　 But once he had a difficult game against Bob. Bob played very well, but in the end Jack was able to beat him. (= He managed to beat him in this particular game.)
　　The negative couldn’t is possible in all situations:　　
    My grandfather couldn’t swim.
　　 We tried hard but we couldn’t persuade them to come with us.
　　 For can see also Unit 30. For could see also Unit 26 and 30.
UNIT 25 Exercises　
　25.1 Use can or be able to. Sometime it is possible to use either; sometimes only be able to is possible.
　　 Examples: George has traveled a lot. He can (or is able to) speak four languages.
　　 I haven’t been able to sleep very well lately.
　　 1. Tom ________________________ drive, but he doesn’t have a car.
　　 2. I can’t understand Martin. I’ve never ________________________ understand him.
　　 3. I used to ________________________ stand on my head, but I can’t do it now.
　　 4. Ask Ann about your problem. She should ________________________ help you.
　　
　　25.2 Complete the sentence with could …
　　 Example: I can’t sing now, but I could sing very well when I was a child.
　　1. He can’t play tennis very well now, but he ________________ fairly well when he was younger.
　　2. She can’t run very fast now, but when she was in school she __________ faster than anyone else.
　　3. I can’t swim very far these days, but ten years ago I ________________________ from one side of the lake to the other.
　　
　　25.3 Answer the questions with was/were able to.　
  　 Example: Did you persuade them?
　　 Yes. It was difficult, but we were able to persuade them.
　　1. Did they find your house?
　　Yes. It took them a long time, but they ________________________
　　2. Did you win the match?
　　Yes. It wasn’t easy, but I ________________________
　　3. Did the thief escape?
　　Yes. The police officer chased the thief, but he ________________________
　　
　　25.4 Complete each sentence with could, was/were able to, or couldn’t.
　　 Examples: My grandfather was very clever. He could (or was able to) speak five languages.
　　 I looked everywhere for the book, but I couldn’t find it.
　　 The fire spread quickly, but everyone was able to escape.
　　1. He had hurt his leg, so he ________________________ walk very well.
　　2. She wasn’t at home when I called, but I ________________________ contact her at her office.
　　3. I looked very carefully, and I ________________________ see a figure in the distance.
　　4. They didn’t have any tomatoes in the first store I went to, but I ______ get some in the next store.
　　5. My grandmother loved music. She ________________________ play the piano very well.
　　6. The boy fell into the river, but fortunately we ________________________ rescue him.

smallmoon

原帖由 gzrose 于 22-7-2009 18:22 发表

                               
登录/注册后可看大图

有简单点的吗?昏

我觉得并不难呀，没有什么难的单词，句子也很口语化。这是个外国人编的语法书。
每天看一点，不会累呀。觉得累就少看点。学一点是一点。加油。。。

smallmoon

UNIT 26 Could (do) and could have (done)　　
a. Study this example:　　
   Dan: What do you want to do this evening?
　　Sue: We could go to the movies.
　　We use could (do) in a number of ways. Sometimes it is past of can (do) (see Unit25), but sometimes it has a present of future meaning.
   For example, we sometimes use could to talk about possible future actions, especially when we make suggestions:
　　“When you go to New York, you could stay with Linda.”
　　Can is also possible in these sentences. (“We can go to the movies”)
　　Could is more unsure than can.
　　We also use could to talk about possible future happenings:
　　 There could be another rise in the price of gas soon. (= It is possible that there will be.)
　　Sometimes could means would be able to:
　　 Why doesn’t Tom apply for the job? He could get it.
　　 I don’t know how she works 14 hours a day. I couldn’t do it.
　　
　　b. The past of could (do) is could have (done). We use could have (done) to say that we had the ability or the opportunity to do something but did not do it
　　 We didn’t go out last night. We could have gone to the movies, but we decided to stay home.(我觉得应该是stay at home,not sure) (We had the opportunity to go out, but we didn’t.)
　　 Why did you stay at a hotel in New York? You could have stayed with Linda. (You had the opportunity to stay with her you didn’t.)
　　 Why didn’t Tom apply for the job? He could have gotten it. (He had the ability to get it.)
　　
　　c. Here are some examples of couldn’t have (done). “I couldn’t have done something” = I wouldn’t have been able to do it if I had wanted or tried to do it:　　
  When I went to New York last year, I decided not to stay with Linda. Later I found out that she was away while I was there, so I couldn’t  have stayed with her anyway.
　　 The hockey game was canceled last week. Tom couldn’t have played anyway because he was sick.
　　
　　For could/couldn’t see also Units 25, 27b, 28c, 30.
　　For could in if sentences see Units 34—35 and 36c.
UNIT 26 Exercises　　
26.1 Make suggestions. Use could.　　
Example: Where should we go for our vacation? (Mexico) We could go to Mexico.
　　1. What should we have for dinner tonight? (fish) ________________________
　　2. When should we go and see Tom? (on Friday) ________________________
　　3. What should I give Ann for her birthday? (a book) ________________________
　　
　　26.2 Use could have. Answer the questions in the way shown.
　　 Example: “Did you go to the movies?”
　　 “No. We could have gone to the movies, but we decided not to.”
　　1. He didn’t want to help us. But he ________________________
　　2. He doesn’t want to help us. But ________________________
　　3. They don’t want to lend us any money. But ________________________
　　4. She didn’t want to have anything to eat. ________________________
　　
　　26.4 First read this information about Ken:
　　
　　 Ken doesn’t know any Spanish.
　　 Ken is very rich and generous.
　　 Ken was sick on Friday night.
　　 Ken doesn’t know anything about machines.
　　 Ken can’t drive.
　　 Ken was free on Monday afternoon.
　　
　　A lot of people wanted Ken of do different things last week, but they couldn’t contact him. So he didn’t do any of these things. Say whether he could have done or couldn’t have done these things (if he had known).
　　Example: His aunt wanted him to drive her to the station.
　　 He couldn’t have driven her to the station (because he can’t drive).
　　1. Ann wanted him to come to a party on Friday night.
　　He ________________________ because ________________________
　　2. Jim wanted him to play tennis on Monday afternoon.
　　He ________________________ because ________________________
　　3. Sue wanted him to translate a Spanish newspaper article into English.
　　 ________________________ because ________________________
　　4. Jack wanted Ken to lend him $20. ________________________
　　5. Ken’s mother wanted him to fix her washing machine.
　　 ________________________ because ________________________

[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 18-8-2009 11:14 编辑 ]

smallmoon

UNIT 27 Must (have) and can’t (have)
　　a. Study this example situation:
　　Liz is a very good tennis player, and not many players beat her. But yesterday she played against Bill and bill won. So:
　　Bill must be a very good player (otherwise he wouldn’t have won).
　　We use must to say we are sure that something is true:
　　 You’ve been traveling all day. You must be tired. (= I am sure that you are tired.)
　　 I hear that your exams are next week. You must be studying very hard right now. (= I am sure that you are studying.)
　　 Carol knows a lot about films. She must like to go to the movies. (= I am sure she likes to go to the movies.)
　　We use can’t to say that we think something is impossible:　　
    You’ve just had dinner. You can’t be hungry already. (= It is impossible that you are hungry.)
　　 Tom said that he would be here ten minutes ago, and he is never late. He can’t be coming.
　　Study the structure:
　　
　　I/you/he (etc.) must be tired/hungry, etc.
　　 can’t be studying/waiting/coming, etc.
　　 know/like, etc.
　　
　　b. For the past we use must have (done) and can’t have (done). Study this example:
　　We went to Roy’s house last night and rang the doorbell. There was no answer.
　　He must be have gone out (otherwise he would have answered) .
　　 The phone rang, but I didn’t hear it. I must have been asleep.
　　 I made a lot of noise when I came home. You must have heard me.
　　 She passed me on the street without speaking. She can’t have seen me.
　　 Tom walked into the wall. He can’t have been looking where he was going.
　　Study the structure:
　　I/you/he (etc.) must been asleep/tired, etc.
　　 can’t have been looking/waiting, etc.
　　 gone/done/seen/heard, etc.
　　 “Couldn’t have (done)” is possible instead of “can’t have (done)”:
　　 She couldn’t have seen me.
　　 He couldn’t have been looking where he was going.
　　For other meaning of must and can’t see Unit 25 and 31.

UNIT 27 Exercises　
　27.1 Complete these sentences using must (have)… couldn’t (have) … or can’t (have)…
　　 Examples: “Is he American?” “Yes, he must be American.”
　　 “Did she see you?” “No, she can’t have seen me.”
　　1. “Are they married?” “Yes, they must ________________________”
　　2. “Is he serious?” “No, he can’t ________________________”
　　3. “Were they in a hurry?” “Yes, they ________________________”
　　4. “Does Ann know about the plan?” “Yes, he ________________________”
　　5. “Did Tom know about the plan?” “Yes, he _______________________”
　　6. “Do they have much money?” “No, they ________________________”
　　7. “Was she driving carefully?” “No, she ________________________”
　　8. “Are they waiting for somebody?” “Yes, they ________________________”
　　
　　27.2 Complete these sentences with must or can’t + an appropriate verb.
　　 Example: You’ve been traveling all day. You must be very tired.
　　1. Brian has three houses, six cars, a yacht, and a helicopter. He _________ a lot of money.
　　2. (The doorbell rings.) I wonder who that is. It _________ Jim. He said he would come after 7:00 and it’s only 6:30 now.
　　3. I wonder why Sue isn’t at work today. She _________ sick.
　　4. John seems to know a lot about history. He _________ a lot of books.
　　5. Jane’s putting on her hat and coat. She _________ out.
　　
　　27.3 Read each situation and write a sentence with must have or can’t have. Use the words in parentheses .
　　 Example: The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. (I must/be/asleep)
　　 I must have been asleep.
　　 1. That dress you bought is very good quality. (it must/be/very expensive)
　　 It must ________________________
　　 2. I haven’t seen Jim for ages. (he must/go/away) He __________________have been away? right?______
　　 3. I wonder where my umbrella is. (you must/leave/it on the bus) ________________________
　　 4. Don passed the exam. He didn’t study very much for it. (the exam can’t/be/very difficult) ________________________
　　 5. She knew everything about our plans. (she must/listen/to our conversation)
　　 ________________________
　　6. Dennis did the opposite of what I asked him to do. (he can’t/understand/what I said)
　　 ________________________
　　7. When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (I must/forget/to turn it off)
　　 ________________________
　　8. I don’t understand how the accident happened. (the driver can’t/see/the red light)
　　 ________________________

smallmoon

UNIT 28 May (have) and might (have)　
　a. Study this example situation:　　
   You are looking for Jack. Nobody knows for sure where he is, but you get some suggestions:
　　He may be in his office. (= perhaps he is in his office)
　　He might be having lunch. (= perhaps he is having lunch)
　　Ask Ann. She might know. (= perhaps Ann knows)
　　We use may or might to say that something is possible. You can say:　　
    He may be in his office. or He might be in his office.
　　The negative is may not and might not:
　　Jack might not be in his office. (= perhaps he isn’t in his office)
　　I am not sure whether I can lend you any money. I may not have enough. (= perhaps I don’t have enough)
　　Study the structure:
　　I/you/he (etc.) may be in his office
　　 might (not) be having/waiting, etc.
　　 know/have/do, etc.
　　
　　b. To say what was possible in the past, we use may have (done) and might have (done):
　　 A: I wonder why Ann didn’t answer the doorbell.
　　 B: Well, I suppose she may have been asleep. (= perhaps she was asleep)
　　 A: Why didn’t he say hello when he passed us on the street?
　　 B: He might have been daydreaming. (= perhaps he was daydreaming)
　　 A: I can’t find my bag anywhere.
　　 B: You might have left it in the store. (= perhaps you left it)
　　 A: I wonder why Jill didn’t come to the meeting.
　　 B: She might not have known about it. (= perhaps she didn’t know)
　　 Study the structure:
　　 I/you/he (etc.) may been asleep
　　 might (not) been daydreaming/waitinig, etc.
　　 known/left/had, etc.
　　
　　c. You can use could instead of may or might. But with could the possibility is smaller:　
　 “Where’s Jack?” “I’m not sure. He could be in his office, I suppose, but he’s not usually there at this time.”
　　For may and might see also Units 29 and 30.

UNIT 28 Exercises

　　28.1 Make sentences with may or might. The first four sentences are present.　　
Examples: “Do you know if Jack is in his office?” “I’m not sure. He may be in his office.”
　　 “Do you know if Joan likes ice cream?” “I’m not sure. She might like ice cream.”
　　1. “Do you know if they are married?” “I’m not sure. They _______________”
　　2. “Do you know if she wants to go?” “I’m not sure. _______________”
　　3. “Do you know if he’s telling the truth?” “I’m _______________”
　　4. “Do you know if he has a car?” “I _______________”
　　The next three sentences are past.
　　Examples: “Do you know if he was serious?” “I’m not sure. He might have been serious.”
　　 “Do you know if they were looking?” “I’m not sure. They may have been looking.”
　　5. “Do you know if she was sick?” “I’m not sure. She _______________”
　　6. “Do you know if she told anybody?” “I _______________”
　　7. “Do you know if they were listening?” “_______________”
　　Use may not or might not.
　　Example: “Is Jack in his office?” “I’m not sure. He might not be in his office.”
　　8. “Does she want to go?” “_______________”
　　9. “Is he telling the truth?” “_______________”
　　10. “Are they ready?” “_______________”
　　
　　28.2 Write sentences to explain each situation. Use the words in parentheses (…) to make your sentences.
　　 Example: I can’t find George anywhere. I wonder where he is.
　　a) (he might/go/shopping) He might have gone shopping.
　　b) (he could/play/tennis) He could be playing tennis.
　　1. Look! Sue’s going out. I wonder where she’s going.
　　a) (she may/go/to the theater) _______________
　　b) (she could/go/to a party) _______________
　　2. Why didn’t Tom answer the doorbell? I’m sure he was in the house at the time.
　　a) (he may/go/to bed early) _______________
　　b) (he might not/hear/the bell) _______________
　　3. How do you think the fire started?
　　a) (someone may/drop/a cigarette) _______________
　　b) (it could/be/a short circuit) _______________
　　4. I wonder where Liz was going when you saw her.
　　a) (she might/go/to work) _______________
　　b) (she may/go/shopping) _______________
　　5. George didn’t come to the party. I wonder why not.
　　a) (he might/have/to go somewhere else) _______________
　　b) (he may not/know/about it) _______________

smallmoon

UNIT 29 May and might (future)　
　a. We use may or might to talk about possible happenings or possible actions in the future.
　　Study these examples:
　　 I’m not sure where to go on my vacation, but I may go to Puerto Rico. (= perhaps I will go)
　　 The weather forecast is not very good. It might rain this afternoon. (= perhaps it will rain)
　　 I can’t help you. Why don’t you ask Tom? He might be able to help you. (= perhaps he will be able to help)
　　The negative form is may not or might not:
　　 Ann may not come to the party tonight. She isn’t feeling well. (= perhaps she won’t come)
　　 There might not be a meeting on Friday because the director is sick. (= perhaps there won’t be a meeting)
　　 It doesn’t matter whether you use may or might. You can say:
　　 I may go to Italy. or I might go to Italy.
　　
　　b. There is also a continuous form: may/might be doing.
    Compare this with will be doing (see Unit 10a,b):
　　 Don’t call at 8:30. I’ll be watching the football game on TV.
　　 Don’t call at 8:30. I may (or might) be watching the football game on TV. (perhaps I’ll be in the middle of watching it)
　　 You can also use the continuous (may/might be doing) when you are talking about possible plans.
Compare:
　　 I’m going to Puerto Rico in July. (for sue)
　　 I may (or might) be going to Puerto Rico in July. (it’s possible)3
　　 But you can also say: I may/might go to Puerto Rico in July.
　　
　　c. May as well, might as well　　
Study this example:
　　 A: What do you want to do this evening?
　　 B: I don’t know. Any ideas?
　　 A: Well, there’s a movie on television. It sounds interesting.
　　 B: We might as well watch it. There’s nothing else to do.
　　 We use may/might as well to say that we should do something, but only because there is no reason not to do it and because there is nothing better to do. We might as well watch it means, “Why not watch it? There’s nothing better to do.”　
　 You’ll have to wait an hour for the next bus, so you might as well walk.
　　 We may as well go to the party. We have nothing else to do.
　　 “Should we have dinner now?” “We might as well.
　　For may and might see also Unit 28 and 34c. For may only, see Unit 30.
UNIT 29 Exercises　
　29.1 Talk about future plans. You are not sure what is going to happen.
Use may or might.
　　 Example: Where are you going on your vacation? (to Brazil???)
　　 I haven’t decided yet, but I may (or might) go to Brazil.
　　 1. What kind of car are you going to buy? (a Toyota???)
　　 I’m not sure yet, but I ________________________
　　 2. What are you doing this weekend? (go skiing???)
　　 I don’t know for sure, but ________________________
　　 3. Where are you going to hang that picture? (in the dining doom???)
　　 I haven’t made up my mind yet, but ________________________
　　 4. When is Tom coming to see us? (tomorrow evening???)
　　 I’m not sure, but ________________________
　　 5. What’s Jill going to do when she graduates? (go to a business college???)
　　 She hasn’t decided yet, but ________________________
　　
　　29.2 Talk about possible happenings. Use the word(s) in parentheses (…).
　　 Examples: Do you think it will rain this afternoon? (may) It may rain this afternoon.
　　 Do you think Ann will come to the party? (might not)
　　 She might not come to the party.
　　1. Do you think Bob will be late? (may) He ________________________
　　2. Do you think Amy will be able to find our house? (might not) She ________________________
　　3. Do you think there’ll be a rainstorm tonight? (might) There ________________________
　　4. Do you think Tony will pass the exam? (may not) ________________________
　　5. Do you think they’ll be waiting for us when we arrive? (might) ________________________
　　6. Do you think it’ll snow later? (may) ________________________
　　
　　29.3 Read these situations and make sentences with may/might as well.
　　 Example: A friend has invited you to a party. You’re not very excited about going, but there isn’t anything else to do. So you think you should go.
　　 You say: I might as well go. There isn’t anything else to do.
　　1. You’re in a coffee shop with a friend. You’ve just finished you coffee. You’re not in a hurry, so you think you should both have another cup.
　　You say: We ________________________. Are you ready for one?
　　2. Someone has given you a free ticket to a concert. You’re not very interested in the concert, but you think you should go because you have a free ticket.
　　You say: I ________________________. It’s a shame to waste a free ticket.
　　3. You invited some friends to dinner, but they haven’t come. The dinner has been ready for half an hour and you think you should begin without them.
　　You say: We ________________________. I don’t think they are coming.

smallmoon

UNIT 30 Can, could, may and would: requests, permission, offers, and invitations　　
a. Asking people to do things (requests)
　　We often use can or could when we ask someone to do something:
　　Can you wait a moment, please?
　　Ann, can you do me a favor?
　　Excuse me. Could you tell me how to get to the bus station?
　　Do you like you could lend me some money?
　　I wonder if you could help me.
　　We also use would to ask someone to do something:　
　Ann, would you do me a favor?
　　Would you wait here, please?
　　
　　b. To ask for something you can say Can I have …? / Could I have …? / May I have …?:
　　 (in a gift shop) Can I have these postcards, please?
　　 (at the dinner table) Could I have the salt, please?
　　
　　c. Asking for and giving permission　　
    We often use can, could, or may to ask permission to do something:
　　 (on the telephone) Hello, can I speak to Tom, please?
　　 “Could I use your telephone?” “Yes, of course.”
　　 “Do you think I could borrow your bicycle?” “Yes, help yourself,”
　　 “May I come in?” “Yes, please do.”
　　To give permission, we use can or may (but not could):　　
You can (or may) smoke if you like.
　　
　　d. We sometimes use can or may when we offer to do things. (May is more formal.) :
　　 “Can I get you a cup of coffee?” “That’s very nice of you.”
　　 (in a store) “May I help you, ma’am” “No thank you. I’m being helped.”
　　
　　e. For offering and inviting we use Would you like …? (not do you like):　　
   Would you like a cup of coffee? (not do you like)
　　 Would you like to go to the movies with us tomorrow evening? (not do you like to come)
　　 I’d like (= I would like) is a polite way of saying what you want or what you want to do:　　
     I’d like some information about hotels, please.
　　 I’d like to try on this jacket, please.

　　UNIT 30 Exercises　
　30.1 Read the situation and write what you would say. Use the words given in parentheses (…).
　　 Example: You’ve got a $20 bill, and you need some change. You ask somebody to help you.
　　 (Can you …?) Can you change a $20 bill?
　　1. You want to borrow you friend’s camera. What do you say to him/her? (Could I …?)
　　 ________________________________________________
　　2. You have a car and you want to give somebody a lift. What do you say? (Can I …?)
　　 ________________________________________________
　　3. You have to go to the airport, but you don’t know how to get there. You ask a passerby.
　　(Could you …?) ________________________________________________
　　4. You are telephoning the owner of an apartment that was advertised in newspaper. You are interested in the apartment, and you want to stop by and see it today. (Do you think I …?)
　　 ________________________________________________
　　5. You are at a meeting with your boss. You want smoke a cigarette. What do you ask first?
　　(May I …?)
　　6. You want to leave work early because you have some important things to do. What do you ask your boss? (Do you think I …?) ________________________________________________
　　7. You want to invite someone to come and stay with you for the weekend. (Would you like …?)3
　　 ________________________________________________
　　8. The person in the next room has some music on very loud. How do you ask him politely to turn it down? (Do you think you …?)
　　
　　30.2 Decide how to say what you want to say.　　
    Examples: You have to carry some heavy boxes upstairs. Ask someone to help you.
　　 Do you think you could give me a hand with these boxes?
　　 A friend has just come to see you in your apartment. Offer him some coffee or tea.
　　 Can I get you some coffee or tea?
　　1. You want your friend to show you how to change the film in your camera. What do you say to him/her? ________________________________________________
　　2. You’re on a train. The woman next to you has finished reading her newspaper. Now you want to look at it. What do you say? _______________________________________________
　　3. You need a match to light your cigarette. You don’t have any, but the man sitting next to you has some. What do you ask him? ________________________________________________
　　4. There is a concert tonight and you are going with some friend. You think Mary would enjoy it too. Inviter her. ________________________________________________
　　5. You’re in the post office. You want three airmail stamps. What do you say?
　　 ________________________________________________
　　6. You are sitting on a crowded bus. There is an old lady standing. Offer her you seat.
　　 ________________________________________________
　　7. You are having a party next Saturday. Invite your friend Tim.
　　 ________________________________________________

naughtybaby

有空就来顶一下贴，坚持！

smallmoon

UNIT 31 Have to and must　
　a. We use have to (do) and must (do) to say that it is necessary to do something:　　
  Oh, it’s later than I thought. I have to go now.
　　 must
　　 You have to have a passport to visit most foreign countries.
　　 Must
　　 There is sometimes a difference between must and have to. With must the speaker is expressing personal feelings, saying what he or she thinks is necessary:　　
    I must write to Ann. I haven’t written to her for ages. (= The speaker personally feels that he or she must write to Ann.)
　　 The government really must do something about unemployment. (= The speaker personally feels that the government must do something.)
　　 With have to the speaker is not expressing feelings. The speaker is just giving facts.
    For example:
　　 Karen’s eyes are not very good. She has to wear glasses for reading.
　　 I can’t meet you on Friday. I have to work.
　　
　　b. You use must to talk only about the present and future:　　
   We must go now.
　　 Must you leave tomorrow?
　　 Have to can be used in all forms. For example:　
  　 I had to go to the hospital. (past)
　　 I might have to go to the hospital. (base form)
　　 Have you ever had to go to the hospital? (present perfect)
　　 Note that we use do/does/did with have to in question and negative sentences:
　　 What do I have to do to get a driver’s license? (not “have I to do”)
　　 Why did you have to go to the hospital? (not “had you to go”)
　　 Tom doesn’t have to work on Saturdays. (not “hasn’t to work”)
　　
　　c. Mustn’t and don’t have to are completely different. “You mustn’t do something” means “it is necessary that you do not do it”:
　　 You mustn’t tell anyone what I said. (= Don’t tell anyone.)
　　 I promised I’d be on time. I mustn’t be late. (= I must be on time.)
　　 “You don’t have to do something” means “it is not necessary to do it; you don’t need to do it:”
　　 I don’t have to wear a suit to work, but I usually do.
　　 She stayed in bed this morning because she didn’t have to go to work.
　　
　　d. You can use “have got to” instead of “have to.” So you can say:　　
   I’ve got to work tomorrow. or I have to work tomorrow.
　　
UNIT 31 Exercises　
　31.1 Complete these sentences with must or have to (in its correct form). Sometimes it is possible to use either; sometimes only have to is possible.
　　 Examples: Well, it’s 10:00. I must (or have to) go now.
　　 Ann wasn’t feeling well last night. She had to leave the party early.
　　1. You really _______________ work harder if you want to pass that exam.
　　2. Some children _______________ wear uniforms when they go to school.
　　3. Last night Don suddenly became ill. We _______________ call the doctor.
　　4. Ann has _______________ wear glasses since she was eight years old.
　　5. I’m afraid I can’t come tomorrow. I _______________ work late.
　　6. I’m sorry I couldn’t come yesterday. I _______________ work late.
　　7. Tom may _______________ go away next week.
　　8. We couldn’t repair the car ourselves. We _______________ take it to a garage.
　　9. When you come to Houston again, you _______________ come and see us.
　　
　　31.2 Make question with have to.　　
  Example: “Tom had to go to the police station.”
　　 “Why did he have to go to the police station?”
　　1. “Linda has to leave tomorrow.” “What time exactly ______________________________”
　　2. “We had to answer a lot of questions on the exam.” “How many questions ________________”
　　3. “George had to pay a parking fine.” “How much ______________________________”
　　4. “I have get up early tomorrow.” “Why ______________________________”
　　
　　31.3 Make negative sentences with have to.　　
   Example: “Did they changes planes?”
　　 “No, it was a direct flight, so they didn’t have to change planes.”
　　1. “Did you pay to get into the concert?” “No, we had free tickets, so we ___________________”
　　2. “Does Jack shave?” “No, he has a bread, so ______________________________”
　　3. “Did you get up early this morning?” “No, it’s my day off, so ___________________________”
　　4. “Do you work?” “No, I’m extremely rich, so ______________________________”
　　
　　31.4 Complete these sentences with mustn’t or don’t/doesn’t have to.　
　 Examples: I don’t want anyone to know. You mustn’t tell any one what I said.
　　 I don’t have to wear a suit to work, but I usually do.
　　1. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I ______________________________ work.
　　2. Whatever you do, you __________________________ touch that switch. It’s very dangerous.
　　3. You ______________________________ forget what I told you. It’s very important.
　　4. She ______________________________ get up so early. She gets up early because she likes to.
　　5. We ______________________________ leave yet. We’ve got plenty of time.

smallmoon

中学学的不规则过去式已经忘得差不多了，现在帖出来吧
cost（花费） cost cost
cut（割） cut cut
hit（打） hit hit
hurt 伤害） hurt hurt
let（让） let let
put（放） put put
read （读） read read
(2) AAB型（动词原形与过去式同形）
beat（跳动） beat beaten
(3) ABA型（动词原形与过去分词同形）
become（变成） became become
come（来） came come
run（跑） ran run
(4) ABB型（过去式与过去分词同形）
dig（挖） dug dug
get（得到） got got
hang（吊死） hanged hanged
hang（悬挂） hung hung
hold（抓住） held held
shine（照耀） shone shone
sit（坐） sat sat
win （赢） won won
meet（遇见） met met
keep （保持） kept kept
sleep（睡） slept slept
sweep（扫） swept swept
feel（感觉） felt felt
smell（闻） smelt smelt
leave（离开） left left
build（建设） built built
lend（借出） lent lent
send （传送) sent sent
spend（花费） spent spent
lose （丢失） lost lost
burn （燃烧） burnt burnt
learn（学习） learnt learnt
mean（意思是） meant meant
catch（抓住） caught caught
teach（教） taught taught
bring（带来） brought brought
fight （战斗） fought fought
buy（买） bought bought
think（想） thought thought
hear （听见） heard heard
sell（卖） sold sold
tell（告诉） told told
say（说） said said
find（找到） found found
have/has（有） had had
make（制造） made made
stand（站） stood stood
understand明白understood understood
(5) ABC型（动词原形、过去式与过去分词三者不同形）
begin（开始） began begun
drink（喝） drank drunk
ring（铃响） rang rung
sing （唱） sang sung
swim（游泳） swam swum
blow（吹） blew blown
draw （画） drew drawn
fly（飞） flew flown
grow（生长） grew grown
know（知道） knew known
throw（投掷） threw thrown show（出示） showed shown
break（打破） broke broken choose（选择） chose chosen
forget（忘记） forgot forgotten (forgot)
speak（说，讲） spoke spoken
wake（醒） woke woke
drive（驾驶） drove driven
eat（吃） ate eaten
fall（落下） fell fallen
give（给） gave given
rise（升高） rose risen
take（取） took taken
mistake（弄错） mistook mistaken
ride（骑） rode ridden
write（写） wrote written
do（做） did done
go（去） went gone
lie（平躺） lay lain
see（看见） saw seen
wear （穿） wore worn
be ( am, is, are )（是）was, were been

smallmoon

UNIT 32 Should
　　a. Study this example:　
　 Tom has just come back from the movies:
　　 Ann: Hello, Tom. Did you enjoy the movie?
　　 Tom: Yes, it was great. You should go and see it.
　　 Tom is advising Ann to go and see the movie. “You should go” means that it would be a good thing to do. We often use should (do) when we say what we think is a good thing to do or the right thing to do.　
　 The government should to do something about economy.
　　 “Should we invite Sue to the party?” “Yes, I think we should.”
　　 “You shouldn’t do something” means that it is not a good thing to do:
　　 You’ve been coughing a lot lately. You shouldn’t smoke so much.
　　 Tom really shouldn’t go out. He has too much homework to do.
　　 Should is not as strong as must:
　　 You should stop smoking. (= It would be a good idea.)
　　 You must stop smoking. (= It is necessary that you stop.)
　　
　　b. We often use should when we ask for or give an opinion about something. Often we use I think/I don’t think/do you think? :　　    I think the government should do something about the economy.
　　 I don’t think you should work so hard.
　　 “Do you think I should apply for this job?” “Yes, I think you should.”
　　
　　c. We also use should to say something is not “right” or not what we expect:　　
    The price on this package is wrong. It says 65¢ but it should be 50¢.
　　 Those children shouldn’t be playing. They should be at school.
　　d. For the past, we use should have (done) to say that someone did the right or wrong thing:　　
   The party was great. You should have come. Why didn’t you?
　　 I feel sick. I shouldn’t have eaten so much chocolate.
　　 She shouldn’t have been listening to our conversation. It was private.
　　
　　e. We also use should to say that something will probably happen:　　
    A: Do you think you’ll be home late night?
　　 B: I don’t think so. I should be home at the usual time.
　　 Here, “I should be home” means “I will probably be home.” You can use should to say what will probably happen.
　　
　　f. You can use ought to instead of should in the sentences in this unit:　　
   It’s really a good movie. You ought to go and see it.
　　 She’s been studying very hard, so she ought to pass the exam.

UNIT 32 Exercises　
　32.1 You are giving advice to a friend. Use should or shouldn’t.
　　 Example: Your friend is always coughing because he smokes too much. Advise him to stop smoking. You should stop smoking.
　　1. Your friend has a bad toothache. Advise her to go the dentist. You ________________________.
　　2. You friend rides his bicycle at night without lights. You think this is dangerous. Advise him not to do it. _____________________________
　　3. Your friend is going to visit Greece. Advise her to learn a few words of Greek before she goes.
　　 __________________________________________________________
　　
　　32.2 This time give your opinion about something. Use I think/I don’t think …　
　 Example: Tom has just been offered a job. You think it would be a good idea for him to accept it. I think Tom should accept the job.
　　1. You think it would be a good idea for all drivers to wear seat belts.
　　I think __________________________________________________________
　　2. You don’t think it would be a good idea for Jill and Sam to get married.
　　I __________________________________________________________
　　3. Your friend has a bad cold. Tell him that you think it would be a good idea for him to stay home tonight. __________________________________________________________
　　
　　32.3 Read the situations and write sentences with should (have) and shouldn’t (have). Sometimes you have to use the present, sometimes the past.
　　 Examples: The speed limit in 55 miles an hour, but Tom is doing 70. He shouldn’t be driving so fast.
　　 When we got to the restaurant there were no empty tables. We hadn’t reserved one. We should have reserved a table.
　　1. It’s very cold. Mrs. Taylor, who has been sick lately, she is standing at the bus stop without a coat. She __________________________________________________________
　　2. We went for a walk. While we were walking we got hungry, but we hadn’t brought anything with us to eat. We said: We __________________________________________________________
　　3. I went to Pairs. Marcel lives in Pairs, but I didn’t go to see him while I was there. When I say him later, he said: You __________________________________________________________
　　4. The notice says that the store opens every day at 8:30. It is now 9:00, but the store isn’t open. __________________________________________________________
　　5. The driver in front of me stopped suddenly without warning, and I drove into the back of her car. It wasn’t my fault. __________________________________________________________
　　6. The children normally go to bed at 9:00. It is now 9:30. They are not in bed; they are watching television. (two sentences) _______________________________________________________
　　7. The accident happened because Tom was driving on the wrong side of the road.

smallmoon

UNIT 33 Subjunctive (I suggest you do)　
　a. Study this example:　　
    Mary said to Pete, “Why don’t you buy some new clothes?”
　　 Mary suggested (that) Pete buy some new clothes.
　　 The subjunctive is always the same as the base form (I buy, he buy, she buy, etc.).
　　 I/he/she/it do/buy/be, etc.
　　 We/you/they
　　
　　b. You can use the subjunctive(虚拟语气） after these verbs:　　
suggest propose recommend insist demand　　
     I suggest (that) you take a vacation
　　 They insisted (that) we have dinner with them.
　　 I insisted (that) he have dinner with me.
　　 He demanded (that) she apologize to him.
　　 The doctor recommended (that) I rest for a few days
　　 You can use the subjunctive for the present, past, or future:　　
   I insist (that) you come with us.
　　 They insisted (that) I go with them.
　　 Note the subjunctive be (usually passive被动):　　
    I insisted (that) something be done about the problem.
　　 The chairperson proposed (that) the plans be changed.
　　
　　c. other structures are possible after insist and suggest:　　
     They insisted on my having dinner with them. (see Unit 57a)
　　 It was a beautiful evening, so I suggested going for a walk. (see Unit 51)
　　 You cannot use the infinitive （不定式） after suggest:
　　 She suggested that he buy some new clothes. (not suggested him to buy)
　　 What do you suggest I do? (not suggest me to do)
　　
　　d. Should is something used instead of the subjunctive.　
   　 She suggested that he should buy some new clothes.
　　 The doctor recommended that I should rest for a few days.

UNIT 33 Exercises　　
33.1 Write a sentence that means the same as the first sentence. Begin in the way shown.
　　 Example: “Why don’t you buy some new clothes?” she said to him.
　　 She suggested that he buy some new clothes.
　　1. “You really must stay a little longer,” she said to me. She insisted that ____________________________
　　2. “Why don’t you visit the museum after lunch?” I said to her. I suggested that ____________________________
　　3. “I think it would be a good idea to see a specialist,” the doctor said to me. The doctor recommended that ____________________________
　　4. “You have to pay the rent by Friday at the latest,” the landlord said to the tenant. The landlord demanded ____________________________
　　5. “Why don’t you go away for a few days?” Jack said to me. Jack suggested that ____________________________
　　6. “Let’s have dinner early,” Alice said to us. Alice proposed that ____________________________
　　
　　33.2 Complete these sentences with an appropriate verb.　　
     Examples: I suggest that you take a vacation.
　　 I insisted that something be done about the problem.
　　 1. Our friends recommended that we ___________ our vacation in the mountains.
　　 2. You were not invited to the party. I demand that you ___________ the house immediately.
　　 3. The workers as the factory are demanding that their wages ___________ increased.(is there something wrong in this sentence
　　 4. She doesn’t use her car very often, so I suggested that she ___________ it and use the money for something else.
　　 5. You have insulted me! I insist that you ___________
　　 6. The local council has proposed that a new shopping center ___________ built.
　　 7. What do you suggest I ___________ to the party? A dress?
　　 8. I didn’t want her to come to the party, but Jack insisted that she ___________ invited.
　　
　　33.3 Tom is out of shape and his friends made some suggestions:
　　 Ann: Why don’t you give up smoking?
　　 Sandra: How about walking to work in the morning?
　　 Bill: Eat more fruit and vegetables.
　　 Linda: Why don’t you try jogging?
　　 Write sentences beginning “(Ann) suggested…” etc.
　　1. Ann suggested that he give up smoking.
　　2. Bill suggested that he _________________________________
　　3. Sandra suggested ________________________________
　　4. Linda ____________________________________________

[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 1-8-2009 08:35 编辑 ]

smallmoon

UNIT 34 If sentences (present/future)　
　a. Compare these examples:　　
     Tom: I think I left my lighter at your house. Have you seen it?
　　 Ann: No, but I’ll look. If find it, I’ll give it to you.
　　 In this example there is a real possibility that Ann will find the lighter. So she says: “If I find … I’ll …” (see also Unit 9c).
　　 When you imagine a future happening like this, you use a past tense form (did/came/found, etc.) after if. But the meaning is not past:
　　 What would you do if you won a million dollars?
　　 If we didn’t go to their party next week, they would be very angry.
　　 Ann wouldn’t lend me any money if I asked her.
　　
　　b. We do not normally use would in the if part of the sentence:　
  　I’d be very frightened if someone pointed a gun at me. (not if someone would point)
　　If we didn’t go to their party next week, they would be very angry. (not if we wouldn’t go)
　　Sometimes it is possible to say if … would, especially when you ask someone to do something in a formal way:
　　 I would be very grateful if you would send me your brochure and price list as soon as possible. (from a formal letter)
　　
　　c. In the order part of the sentence (not the if part) we use would/wouldn’t. Would is often shortened to ’d, especially in spoken English:　　
    If you stopped smoking, you’d probably feel healthier.
　　 They wouldn’t come to the party if you invited them.
　　 You can also use could and might:
　　 They might be angry if I didn’t visit them. (= perhaps they would be)
　　 If it stopped raining, we could go out. (= we would be able to go out)
　　
　　d. Do not use when in sentences like the ones in this unit:　　
   Tom would be angry if I didn’t visit him. (not when I didn’t visit)
　　 What would you do if you were bitten by a snake? (not when you were)
　　 See also Unit 9c.
　　 For if sentences see also Units 35 and 36.

UNIT 34 Exercises
　　34.1 Put the verb into the correct form.
　　 Example: If I found a $100 bill on the street, I would keep (keep) it.
　　 They’d be very angry if you didn’t visit (not/visit) them.
　　1. If the company offered me the job, I think I ________ (take) it.
　　2. I’m sure Liz will lend you some money. I would be very surprised if she ________ (refuse).
　　3. Many people would be out of work if that factory ________ (close) down.
　　4. If she sold her car, she ________ (not/get) much money for it.
　　5. They’re expecting us. They would be disappointed if we ________ (not/come).
　　6. Would George be angry if I ________ (take) his bicycle without asking?
　　7. Ann gave me this ring. She ________ (be) terribly upset if I lost it.
　　8. If someone ________ (walk) in here with a gun, I’d be very frightened.
　　9. What would happen if you ________ (not/go) to work tomorrow?
　　10. I’m sure she ________ (understand) if you explained the situation to her.
　　
　　34.2 Make questions.
　　 Example: Perhaps one day somebody will give you a lot of money.
　　 What would you do if someone gave you a lot of money?
　　1. Perhaps one day a millionaire will ask you to marry him/her.
　　What would you do if ________________________________
　　2. Perhaps one day you will lose your passport in a foreign country.
　　What ________________________________
　　3. Perhaps one day somebody will throw an egg at you.
　　What ________________________________
　　4. Perhaps one day your car will be stolen.
　　What ________________________________
　　5. Perhaps one day somebody will park a car on your foot.
　　 ________________________________
　　
　　34.3 Answer these questions in the way shown.　　
    Example: Are you going to take the 10:30 train? (we/arrive too early)
　　 No. If we took the 10:30 train, we would arrive too early.
　　1. Is the going to take the exam? (he/fail it) No. If he ________________________________
　　2. Are you going to invite Bill to the party? (I/have to invite Linda too)
　　3. Are you going to bed now? (I/not/sleep) No. ________________________________
　　4. Is she going to apply for the job? (she/not/get it) No. ________________________________

black_zerg

这些记不得，还不如多听

smallmoon

UNIT 35 If and wish sentences (present)
　　a. Study this example situation:
　　 Tom wants to call Sue, but he can’t because he doesn’t know her telephone number.
　　 He says: If I knew her number, I would call her.
　　 Tom says “If knew her number…” This tells us that he doesn’t know her number.
　　 He is imagining the situation. The real situation is that he doesn’t know her number.
　　 When you imagine a situation like this, you use a past tense form (“I did/I had/I knew,” etc.) after if. But the meaning is present, not past:　　
      Tom would travel if he had more money. (but he doesn’t have much money)
　　 If I didn’t want to go, I wouldn’t. (but I want to go)
　　 We wouldn’t have any money if we didn’t work. (but we work)
　　
　　b. We also use the past for a present situation after wish. We use wish to say that we regret something, that something is not as we would like it to be:
　　 I wish I knew Sue’s telephone number. (I don’t know it.)
　　 Do you ever wish you could fly? (You can’t fly.)
　　 I wish it didn’t rain so much in this city. (It rains a lot.)
　　 It’s crowded here. I wish there weren’t so many people. (There are a lot of people.)
　　 I wish I didn’t have to work. (I have to work.)
　　
　　c. In if sentences and after wish we use were instead of was:　　
   If I were you, I wouldn’t buy that coat. (but I am not you)
　　 I’d go out if it weren’t raining. (but it is raining)
　　 I wish my room were larger. (but it isn’t very larger)
　　
　　d. Do not use would in the if part of the sentence or after wish:
　　 If I were rich, I would buy a castle. (not if I would be rich)
　　 I wish I were taller. (not I wish I would be taller.)
　　 But sometime I wish… would… is possible. See Unit 37.
　　 Could sometimes means “would be able to” and sometimes “was able to”:　　
    She could (= would be able to) get a job more easily if she could (= was able to) type.
　　For if sentences and wish see also Units 34,36, and 37.

UNIT 35 Exercises　
　35.1 Put the verb into the correct form.
　　 Examples: If I knew (know) her number, I would call her.
　　1. I ___________ (give) you a cigarette if I had one, but I’m afraid I don’t.
　　2. This soup would taste better if it ___________ (have) more salt in it.
　　3. If you ___________ (not/go) to bed so late every night, you wouldn’t be so tired all the time.
　　4. I wouldn’t mind living in England if the weather ___________ (be) better.
　　5. I’d help you if I ___________ (can), but I’m afraid I can’t.
　　6. If I were you, I ___________ (not/marry) him.
　　7. We would gladly but that house if it ___________ (not/be) so small.
　　
　　35.2 Read the situation and write a sentence with if.　　
  Example: We don’t visit you very often because you live so far away.
　　 But if you didn’t live so far away, we would visit you more often.
　　1. People don’t understand him because he doesn’t speak very clearly.
　　But if he ___________________, people ___________________
　　2. I’m mot going to buy that book because it’s too expensive.
　　But if that book ______________________________________
　　3. She doesn’t go out very often because she can’t walk without help.
　　But if ______________________________________
　　4. He’s fat because he doesn’t get any exercise.
　　But ______________________________________
　　5. We can’t have lunch outside because it’s raining.
　　 _________________________________________________________
　　6. I can’t meet you tomorrow evening because I have to work.
　　
　　35.3 Write sentences with I wish …　　
  Example: I don’t know many people (and I’m lonely). I wish I knew more people.
　　1. I can’t give up smoking (but I’d like to). I wish I ___________________
　　2. I don’t have any cigarettes (and I need one). I wish ___________________
　　3. George isn’t here (and I need him). I wish George ___________________
　　4. It’s cold (and I hate cold weather). I wish ___________________
　　5. I live in New York City (and I hate New York City). ___________________
　　6. Tina can’t come to the party (she’s your best friend). ___________________
　　7. I have to work tomorrow (but I’d like to stay in bed). ___________________
　　8. I don’t know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down).
　　 _____________________________________
　　9. I’m not flying on a beautiful sunny beach (and that’s shame).
　　 ______________________________________
这课的练习对我有些难度，一会把我的答案写上来，希望有DX指证。

smallmoon

原帖由 black_zerg 于 1-8-2009 09:33 发表

                               
登录/注册后可看大图

这些记不得，还不如多听

不觉得有矛盾，听挺重要，语感也重要，不过这么多年了，学校学的最拿手的语法忘了差不多了，现在重温一下，我觉得对写作有帮助。

smallmoon

UNIT 35 Exercises　
　35.1 Put the verb into the correct form.
　　 Examples: If I knew (know) her number, I would call her.
　　1. I _______would give____ (give) you a cigarette if I had one, but I’m afraid I don’t.
　　2. This soup would taste better if it ______had_____ (have) more salt in it.
　　3. If you _______did not go____ (not/go) to bed so late every night, you wouldn’t be so tired all the time.
　　4. I wouldn’t mind living in England if the weather __was_________ (be) better.
　　5. I’d help you if I ____could_______ (can), but I’m afraid I can’t.
　　6. If I were you, I ____did not marry_______ (not/marry) him.
　　7. We would gladly but that house if it ___were not________ (not/be) so small.
　　
　　35.2 Read the situation and write a sentence with if.　　
  Example: We don’t visit you very often because you live so far away.
　　 But if you didn’t live so far away, we would visit you more often.
　　1. People don’t understand him because he doesn’t speak very clearly.
　　But if he _______spoke very clearly____________, people ______would understand_____________
　　2. I’m mot going to buy that book because it’s too expensive.
　　But if that book ____were not too expensive I would buy ______________________________
　　3. She doesn’t go out very often because she can’t walk without help.
　　But if __she could wark, she would go out very ofeten____________________________________
　　4. He’s fat because he doesn’t get any exercise.
　　But _________if he got any exercise he would not be fat_____________________________
　　5. We can’t have lunch outside because it’s raining.
　　 ____________if it was not reaining we could have lunch outside_____________________________________________
　　6. I can’t meet you tomorrow evening because I have to work.
　　if i did not have to work, I would meet you
　　35.3 Write sentences with I wish …　　
  Example: I don’t know many people (and I’m lonely). I wish I knew more people.
　　1. I can’t give up smoking (but I’d like to). I wish I _______could give up smoking____________
　　2. I don’t have any cigarettes (and I need one). I wish ______I did not have any cigarettes_____________
　　3. George isn’t here (and I need him). I wish George _____were not here______________
　　4. It’s cold (and I hate cold weather). I wish _______I were not cold____________
　　5. I live in New York City (and I hate New York City). ___I wish I did not live in ________________
　　6. Tina can’t come to the party (she’s your best friend).  I wish tina could come to the party___________________
　　7. I have to work tomorrow (but I’d like to stay in bed). ________I wish I could stay in bed___________
　　8. I don’t know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down).
　　 ___________________I wish I knew anything about cars__________________
　　9. I’m not flying on a beautiful sunny beach (and that’s shame).
　　 ______________I wish I were flying on a beautiful sunny beach________________________

smallmoon

UNIT 36 If and wish sentences (past)　
　a. Study this example situation:　　
   Last month Ann was sick. Tom didn’t know this, and he didn’t go to see her. They met again after Ann got better. Tom said:
　　 If I had known that you were sick. I would have gone to see you.
　　 The real situation was that Tom didn’t know Ann was sick. So he says If I had know…
　　 When you are taking the past, you use the past perfect (I had done/I had been/I had known, etc.) after if.
　　 If I had seen you when you passed me in the street, I would have said hello. (but I didn’t see you)
　　 I would have gone out if I hadn’t been so tired. (but I was too tired)
　　 If he had been looking where he was going, he wouldn’t have walked into the wall. (but he wasn’t looking)
　　 Do not use would (have) in the if part of the sentence:　　
    If I had seen you, I would have said hello. (not if I would have seen)
　　 Both would and had can be shortened to ’d:　　
    If I ’d see (= had seen) you, I’d have said (= would have said) hello.

　　b. Use the past perfect (I had done) after wish when you say that you regret something that happened or didn’t happen in the past:　　 I wish I had known that Ann was sick. I would have gone to see her. (I didn’t know that she was sick.)
　　 I feel sick. I wish I hadn’t eaten so much. (I ate too much.)
　　 Do you wish you had studied science instead of languages? (You didn’t study science.)
　　 The weather was terrible. I wish it had been warmer. (It wasn’t warm.)
　　 You cannot use would have after wish:
　　 I wish it had been warmer. (not would have been)
　　
　　c. Would have (done) is the past form of would (do):　　
    If I had gone to the party last night, I would be tired now. (I am not tired now – present.)
　　 If I had gone to the party last night, I would have seen Ann. (I didn’t see Ann - past)
　　 Might have and could have are possible instead of would have:　
　 If we’d played better, we might have won. (= perhaps we would have won)
　　 We would have gone out if the weather hadn’t been so bad. (= we would have been able to go out)
　　 For if sentences and wish see also Units 34, 35, and 37.
　　
UNIT 36 Exercises　　
  36.1 Put the verb into the correct form.’
　　 Examples: If I had known (know) that you were sick last week. I’d have gone to see you.
　　 Tom wouldn’t have taken (not/take) the exam if he had known that it would be so difficult.
　　1. Jim go to the bus stop in time. If he _____________ (miss) the bus, he would have been late for his interview.
　　2. It’s good that Ann reminded me about Tom’s birthday. I _____________ (forget) if she hadn’t reminded me.
　　3. We might not have stayed at this hotel if Debbie _____________ (not/recommend) it to us.
　　4. I’d have sent you a postcard while I was on vacation if I _____________ (have) your address.
　　
　　36.2 Read the situation and write a sentence with if.
　　 Example: She didn’t eat anything because she wasn’t hungry.
　　 It she had been hungry, she would have eaten something.
　　1. The accident happened because the driver in front stopped so suddenly.
　　If the driver in front _______________________________________
　　2. I didn’t wake George because I didn’t know he wanted to get up early.
　　If I _______________________________________
　　3. I was able to buy the car because Jim lent me the money.
　　If _______________________________________
　　4. She wasn’t injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt.
　　If _______________________________________
　　5. You’re hungry now because you didn’t have breakfast.
　　If _______________________________________
　　6. She didn’t buy the coat because she didn’t have enough money on her.
　　If _______________________________________
　　
　　36.3 Imagine that you are in each situation. Make a sentence with I wish…
　　 Example: You’ve eaten too much and now you feel sick.
　　 You say: I wish I hadn’t eaten so much.
　　1. You’ve just painted the door red. Now you decide that it doesn’t look very nice.
　　You say: I wish I _______________________________________
　　2. You are walking in the country. You would like to take some photographs, but you didn’t bring your camera. You said: I _______________________________________
　　3. A good friend of yours visited your town, but unfortunately you were away when he came. So you didn’t see him. You say: _______________________________________
　　4. You’ve just come back from your vacation. Everything was fine except for the hotel, which wasn’t very good. You say: _______________________________________

kind of confused, post my answer later, welcome to discuss

smallmoon

UNIT 36 Exercises　　
  36.1 Put the verb into the correct form.’
　　 Examples: If I had known (know) that you were sick last week. I’d have gone to see you.
　　 Tom wouldn’t have taken (not/take) the exam if he had known that it would be so difficult.
　　1. Jim go to the bus stop in time. If he ____had _miss_____ (miss) the bus, he would have been late for his interview.
　　2. It’s good that Ann reminded me about Tom’s birthday. I _____would have bee forgetten________ (forget) if she hadn’t reminded me.
　　3. We might not have stayed at this hotel if Debbie ____had not recommended_________ (not/recommend) it to us.
　　4. I’d have sent you a postcard while I was on vacation if I _______had have______ (have) your address.
　　
　　36.2 Read the situation and write a sentence with if.
　　 Example: She didn’t eat anything because she wasn’t hungry.
　　 It she had been hungry, she would have eaten something.
　　1. The accident happened because the driver in front stopped so suddenly.
　　If the driver in front ______had not stopped sosuddenly the accident would have not been happened_________________________
　　2. I didn’t wake George because I didn’t know he wanted to get up early.
　　If I __had known ____George wanted to get up early I would have not waken him_______
　　3. I was able to buy the car because Jim lent me the money.
　　If __Jim did not lend me the money I would not have been able to buy the car_____________________________________
　　4. She wasn’t injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt.
　　If ________________she did not wearing a seat belt she would have been injured _______________________
　　5. You’re hungry now because you didn’t have breakfast.
　　If ____had have  breakfast you would not be hungry___________________________________
　　6. She didn’t buy the coat because she didn’t have enough money on her.
　　If _____she had  have encoughmoney she would have bought the coat ____________________________
　　
　　36.3 Imagine that you are in each situation. Make a sentence with I wish…
　　 Example: You’ve eaten too much and now you feel sick.
　　 You say: I wish I hadn’t eaten so much.
　　1. You’ve just painted the door red. Now you decide that it doesn’t look very nice.
　　You say: I wish I _____had not painted the door__________________________________
　　2. You are walking in the country. You would like to take some photographs, but you didn’t bring your camera. You said: I ___wish I had brought my camera_______________________________
　　3. A good friend of yours visited your town, but unfortunately you were away when he came. So you didn’t see him. You say: _______I wish I had not been away when you came________________________________
　　4. You’ve just come back from your vacation. Everything was fine except for the hotel, which wasn’t very good. You say: _____I wish I had not been in this hotel__________________________________

smallmoon

UNIT 37 Would　　
For would and would have in if sentences (conditional), see Units 34,35, and 36. For would in offers, invitations, etc., see Unit 30. This unit explains some other uses to would.
　　a. Sometimes we use would after I wish… Study this example:
　　 It is raining. Tom wants to go out, but not in the rain. He says: I wish it would stop raining.
　　 This means that Tom is complaining about the rain and wants it to stop. We use I wish… would… when we want something to happen  or    somebody to do something. The speaker is complaining about the present situation.　
　 I wish someone would answer that telephone. It’s been ringing for about five minutes.
　　 The music next door is very loud. I wish they would turn it down.
　　 We often use I wish… would when we want something to change or somebody else to do something. So you cannot say “I wish I would…” 　　For more information about wish, see Units 35, and 36.
　　
　　b. Would/wouldn’t is sometimes the past of will/won’t:　　
    Present Tom: I’ll lend you some money, Ann.
　　Past Tom said that he would lend Ann some money.
　　Present Ann: I promise I won’t be late.
　　Past Ann promise that she wouldn’t be late.
　　Present Tom: Darn it! The car won’t start.
　　Past Tom was angry because the car wouldn’t
　　
　　c. You can also use would when you look back on the past and remember things that often happened:　　
   When we were children, we lived by the sea. In summer, if the weather was nice, we would all get up early and go for a swim.
　　 Whenever Linda was angry, she would just walk out of the room.
　　 Used to is also possible in these sentences:
　　 … we all used to get up early and go …
　　See Unit 24 for used to

　　UNIT 37 Exercises　
　37.1 Read the situation and then write a sentence with I wish… would…
　　 Example: It’s raining. You want to go out, but not in the rain. So you want it to stop raining.
　　 What do you say? I wish it would stop raining.
　　1. You’re waiting for Tim. He’s late and you’re getting impatient. You want him to come.
　　What do you say? I wish _______________________________________
　　2. A baby is crying and you’re trying to sleep. You want the baby to stop crying.
　　 What do you say? I _______________________________________
　　3. You’re looking for a job – so far without success. You want somebody to give you a job.
　　What do you say? I wish somebody _______________________________________
　　4. Brian has been wearing the same old clothes for years. You think he needs some new clothes, and you want him to buy some. What do you say to him? __________________________
　　
　　37.2 Use I wish… wouldn’t…
　　 Example: Tom drives very fast. You don’t like this. What do you say to him?
　　 I wish you wouldn’t drive so fast.
　　 1. You are telling your friend about the man in the apartment next door. He often plays the piano in the middle of the night, and you don’t like this. What do you say to your friend?
　　 I _______________________________________
　　 2. A lot of people drop litter in the street. You don’t like this. What do you say?
　　 I wish people _______________________________________
　　 3. Jane always leaves the door open. You don’t like this. What do you say to her?
　　 I _______________________________________
　　
　　37.3 Write a sentence with promised.
　　 Example: I wonder why she’s late. She promised she wouldn’t be late.
　　1. I wonder why Steve hasn’t written to me. He promised ___________________________
　　2. I wonder why Ann told Tom what I said. She promised ___________________________
　　3. I wonder why they haven’t come. They ___________________________
　　
　　37.4 These sentences are about things that often happened in the past. Put in would with one of these verbs. be walk take shake
　　Example: Whenever Carol was angry, she would walk out of the room.
　　 1. We used to live next to a railroad track. Every time a train went past, the whole house _________
　　 2. That café is nearly always empty now. I remember a few years ago it _______________ crowded every night.
　　 3. When he went to out, Jack ___________ always ___________ an umbrella with him, whether it was raining or not.

smallmoon

UNIT 38 In case　
　a. Study this example situation:
　　 Jeff is soccer referee. He always wears two watches during a game because it is possible that one watch will stop.
　　 He wears two watches in case one of them stops.
　　 In case one of them stops = “because it is possible that one of them will stop.”
　　 Here are some more examples of in case:
　　 John might call tonight. I don’t want to go out in case he calls.
　　 (= because it is possible that he will call)
　　 I’ll draw a map for you in case you can’t find our house.
　　 (= because it is possible that you won’t be able to find it)
　　
　　b. Do not use will after in case. Use a present tense when you are talking about the future;　　
   I don’t want to go out tonight in case Sue calls. (not “in case she will call”)
　　
　　c. In case is not same as if. Compare these sentences:
　　 We’ll buy some more food if Tom comes. (= Perhaps Tom will come; if he comes, we’ll buy some more food; if he doesn’t come, we won’t buy any more food.)
　　 We’ll buy some more food in case Tom comes. (= Perhaps Tom will come; we’ll buy some more food now, whether he comes or not; then we’ll already have the food if he comes.)
　　 Compare:
　　 This letter is for Ann. Can you give it to her if you see her?
　　 This letter is for Ann. Can you take it with you in case you see her?
　　
　　d. You can use in case to say why someone did something in the past:　　
    We bought some more food in case Tom came. (= because it was possible that Tom would come)
　　 I drew a map for her in case she couldn’t find our house.
　　 We rang the bell again in case they hadn’t heard it the first time.
　　
　　e. “In case of …” is different from in case. In case of fire means “if there is a fire”:
　　 In case of fire, please leave the building as quickly as possible.
　　 In case of emergency, telephone this number. (= if there is an emergency)

UNIT 38 Exercises　
　38.1 Tom is going for a long walk in the country. He has decided to take these things with him: his camera , some chocolate, an umbrella, a towel, a map, and some lemonade. He is taking these things because:
　　perhaps he’ll get thirsty
　　perhaps he’ll want to go swimming
　　perhaps he’ll want to take some pictures
　　perhaps he’ll get lost
　　perhaps it will rain
　　perhaps he’ll get hungry
　　Now write sentences, with in case saying why Tom has decided to take these things.
　　Example: He’s gong to take his camera in case he wants to take some pictures.
　　1. He’s going to take some chocolate in case _________________________________
　　2. He’s going to take ________________________________
　　3. _________________________________
　　4. _________________________________
　　5. _________________________________
　　
　　38.2 Write sentences with in case.　　
   Example: It was possible that John would call. So I didn’t go out.
　　 I didn’t go out in case John called.
　　 1. It was possible that he would come to Los Angeles one day. So I gave him my address. I gave him my address in case _________________________________
　　 2. It was possible that I wouldn’t see her again. So I said goodbye. I said _______________________
　　 3. It was possible that her parents were worried about her. So she called them.
　　 She _________________________________
　　4. It was possible that I would forget the name of the street. So I wrote it down.
　　 ____________________________________________
　　5. It was possible that they hadn’t received my first letter. So I wrote them a second letter.
　　
　　38.3 Put in case or if in these sentences.　　
    Examples: John might call tonight. I don’t want to go out in case he calls.
　　 Could you give this book to Bill if you see him?
　　1. I hope you’ll come to Tokyo sometime ___________ you come, you must visit us.
　　2. I’ve just painted the door. I’ll put a “wet paint” sign next to it ___________ someone doesn’t realize the paint is still wet.
　　3. We have installed a burglar alarm in our house ___________ somebody tries to break in.
　　4. The alarm will go off ___________ somebody tries to break into the house.
　　5. Write your name and address on your bag ___________ you lose it.
　　6. Go to the lost and found office ___________ you lose your bag.
　　7. I was advised to arrange for insurance ___________ I needed medical treatment while I was abroad on vacation.