每日一贴学英语语法

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楼主好毅力啊.

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UNIT 85 Relative clauses (2) – clauses with or without who/that　
　a. Look again at these examples from Unit 84:　
　 The man who lives next door is very friendly. (or that lives)
　　 Where are the eggs that were in the refrigerator? (or which were)
　　 In these sentences who and that are subjects of the verbs in the relative clauses: the man lives next door, the eggs were in the refrigerator. You cannot leave out who or that in these sentences.　　
Sometimes who and that are objects of the verbs:
　　 the man – I wanted to see him – was away on vacation
　　 The man who (or that) I wanted to see was away on vacation.
　　 have you found the keys? – you lost them
　　 Have you found the keys that you lost?
　　 When who or that are objects of the verb in the relative clause, you can leave them out:
　　 The man I wanted to see was away on vacation. (but not The man I wanted to see him was away on vacation.)
　　 Have you found the keys you lost? (but not Have you found the keys you lost them?)
　　 The dress Ann bought doesn’t fit her very well. (= the dress that Ann bought)
　　 The woman Jerry is going to marry is Mexican. (= the woman who/that Jerry is going to marry)
　　 Is there anything I can do? (= is there anything that I can do?)
　　
　　b. There are often prepositions (in/at/with, etc.) in relative clause. Study the position of the prepositions in these sentences:
　　 do you know the girl? – Tom is talking to her
　　 Do you know the girl (who/that) Tom is talking to?
　　 the bed – I slept in it last night – wasn’t very comfortable
　　 The bed (that) I slept in last night wasn’t very comfortable.
　　 The man (who/that) I sat next to on the plane talked all the time.
　　 Are these the books (that) you have been looking for?
　　 The girl (who/that) he fell in love with left him after a few weeks.
　　
　　c. You cannot use what instead of that:　　
    Everything (that) he said was true. (not everything what he said)
　　 I gave her all the money (that) I had. (not all … what I had)
　　 What = the thing(s) that:
　　 Did you hear what I said? (= the words that I said)
　　 I won’t tell anyone what happened. (= the thing that happened)
UNIT 85 Exercises　
　85.1 The sentences in this exercise are not complete. Complete each one with a relative clause. Use the sentences in the box to make your relative clauses.
　　 we met her yesterday we wanted to visit it Tom tells them
　　 Tom recommended it we had it for dinner you lost them
　　 Ann is wearing it the police arrested him I invited them to the party
　　1. Have you found the keys you lost?
　　2. I like the dress _______________________
　　3. The museum _______________________ was closed when we got there.
　　4. Most of the people _______________________ couldn’t come.
　　5. I didn’t like that woman _______________________
　　6. The fish _______________________ was really delicious.
　　7. We stayed at a hotel _______________________.
　　8. The stories _______________________ are usually very funny.
　　9. The man _______________________ has now been released.
　　
　　85.2 Make a relative clause with a preposition.　　 y
ou were with her last night I am living in it I slept in it
　　 they were talking about them she is married to him I work with them
　　 we wanted to travel on it I applied for it we went to it
　　1. The bed I slept in was too soft.
　　2. I didn’t get the job _______________________
　　3. The man _______________________ has been married twice before.
　　4. The party _______________________ wasn’t very enjoyable.
　　5. Who was that woman _______________________ ?
　　6. The flight _______________________ was fully booked.
　　7. I enjoy my job because I like the people _______________________
　　8. I wasn’t interested in the things _______________________
　　9. The house _______________________ is not in very good condition.
　　
　　85.3 Complete these sentences, where necessary, with that, who, or what. If is possible to write that or leave it out, write (that) – in parentheses (…).
　　 Examples: Did you hear what I said? Everything (that) he said was true.
　　1. She gives her children everything _______________________ they want.
　　2. Tell me ______________ you want, and I’ll try to help you.
　　3. Why do you blame me for everything ______________ goes wrong?
　　4. I won’t be able to do very much, but I’ll do the best ______________ I can.
　　5. I can’t lend you any money. All ______________ I have is a dollar.
　　6. Susan is the only person ______________ understands me.
　　7. Why do you always disagree with everything ______________ I say?
　　8. I don’t agree with ______________ you’ve just said.
　　9. This is an awful movie. It’s the worst ______________ I’ve ever seen.

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UNIT 86 Relative clauses (3) – whose, whom, and where　
　a. Whose　　
We use whose in relative clauses instead of his/her/their:
　　 we saw some people – their car had broken down.
　　 We saw some people whose car had broken down.
　　We use whose mostly for people:
　　 A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. (her husband is dead)
　　 What’s the name of the girl whose car you borrowed? (you borrowed her car)
　　 The other day I met someone whose brother I went to school with. (I went to school with his brother)
　　
　　b. Whom is possible instead of who (for people) when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause (like the sentences in Unit 85):
　　 The man whom I wanted to see was away on vacation. (I wanted to see him)
　　 You can also use whom with a preposition (to/from/with whom, etc.):
　　 The woman with whom he fell in love left him after a few weeks. (he fell in love with her)
　　 But we do not often use whom. In spoken English we normally prefer who or that (or you can leave them out – see Unit 85):
　　 The man (who/that) I wanted to see…
　　 The woman (who/that) he fell in love with…
　　
　　c. Where　　You can use where in a relative clause to talk about places:　　
    the hotel – we stayed there wasn’t very clean
　　 The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean.
　　 I recently went back to the town where I was born. (or the town (that) I was born in)
　　 I would like to live in country where there is plenty of sunshine.
　　
　　d. We use that (or we leave it out) when we say the day/the year/the time, (etc.) that something happened:
　　 Do you still remember the day (that) we first met?
　　 The last time (that) I saw her, she looked very well.
　　 I haven’t see them since the year (that) they got married.
　　
　　e. You can say the reason why something happens or the reason that something happens. You can also leave out why and that:
　　 The reason (why/that) I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.
UNIT 86 Exercises　　
86.1 You were on vacation with a friend. You met some people who had some bad experiences during their vacation. You met:
　　 1. some people/their car broke down
　　 2. a man/his wife got sick and was taken to the hospital
　　 3. a woman/her husband was arrested by the police.
　　 4. a girl/her passport was stolen
　　 5. a couple/their luggage disappeared
　　 You can’t recall the names of these people. Ask your friend, making sentences with whose.
　　1. What was the name of the people whose car broken down?
　　2. What was the name of the man ____________________________?
　　3. What __________________________________________?
　　4. ________________________________________________________?
　　5. ________________________________________________________?
　　
　　86.2 The sentences in this exercise are not complete. Complete them with where… Use the sentences in the box to make your relative clauses.
　　 I can buy postcards there I was born there
　　 she had bought it there we spent our vacation there
　　 people are buried there we can have a really good meal there
　　1. I recently went back to the town where I was born?
　　2. The dress didn’t fit her, so she took it back to the store ____________________________?
　　3. Do you know a restaurant ____________________________?
　　4. Is there a store near here ____________________________?
　　5. The place ____________________________ was really beautiful.
　　6. A cemetery is a place ____________________________
　　
　　86.3 Complete the sentences with a relative clause. Use the sentences in the box a make your relative clauses.
　　 (her) dog bit me they don’t have a car (for this reason)
　　 John is staying (there) I didn’t write to you (for this reason)
　　 we first met (on that day) World Wall II ended (in that year)
　　 (his/her) parents are dead you called (that evening)
　　1. Do you remember the day (that) we first met?
　　2. An orphan is a child ____________________________
　　3. The reason ____________________________ was that they can’t afford one
　　4. Unfortunately I wasn’t home the evening ____________________________
　　5. I protested to the woman ____________________________
　　6. The reason ____________________________ is that they can’t afford one
　　7. Do you know the name of the hotel ____________________________?
　　8. Nineteen forty-five was the year ____________________________

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UNIT 87 Relative clauses (4) – “extra information” clauses (1)

　　a. Look again at these examples from Units 84 and 85:　　
     The man who lives next door is very friendly.
　　 Jerry works for a company that makes typewriters.
　　 Have you found the keys (that) you lost?
　　 In these examples, the relative clauses tell us which person or thing (or what kind of person or thing) the speaker means:
　　 “The man who lives next door” tell us which man.
　　 “a company that makes typewriters” tell us what kind of company.
　　 “the keys (that) you lost” tells us which keys.
　　 But not all relative clauses are like this. For example:
　　 Tom’s father, who is 78 , goes swimming every day.
　　 The house at the end of the street, which has been empty for two years, has just been sold.
　　 In these examples the relative clauses (who is 78 and which has been empty for two years)do not tell us which person or thing the speaker means. We already know which person or thing is meant: “Tom’s father” and “the house at the end of the street.” The relative clauses in these sentences give us extra information about the person or thing.
　　
　　b. In these “extra information” relative clauses you have to use who for people and which for things. You cannot use that, and you cannot leave out who or which.　　
     When you write clauses like this, you have to put commas (,) at the beginning and at the end of the clause. Study these examples:
　　 Mr. Yates, who has worked for the same company all his life, is retiring next month.
　　 The strike at the car factory, which lasted ten days, is now over.
　　When the clause comes at the end of the sentence, you have to put a comma before the clause:
　　 Yesterday I met John, who hold me he was getting married.
　　 She told me her address, which I wrote down on a piece of paper.
　　Remember that we use who/which instead of he/she/it/they:
　　 Last night we went to Ann’s party, which we enjoyed very much. (not which we enjoyed it very much)
　　
　　c. You can also use whose, whom, and where in relative clauses with “extra information”:
　　 Martin, whose mother is Spanish, speak both Spanish and English fluently.　
　 Mr. Hill is going to Canada, where his son has been living for five years.
　　 My sister, whom (or who) you once met, is visiting us next week.
　　 For more information about whose, whom, and where see Unit 86.
　　 See also the next unit for “extra information” relative clauses.
UNIT 87 Exercises　　
87.1 Write these sentences again, giving extra information in relative clause. Sometimes the relative clause is in the middle of the sentence, sometimes at the end. Use the sentence in parentheses (…) to make your relative clauses.　　
Examples: Tom’s father goes swimming every day. (Tom’s father is 78)
　　 Tom’s father, who is 78, goes swimming every day.
　　 She told me her address. (I wrote her address down on a piece of paper)
　　 She told me her address, which I wrote down on a piece of paper.
　　1. She showed me a photograph of her son. (Her son is a police officer.)
　　She showed me a photograph of her son, ____________________________
　　2. We decided not to swim in the ocean. (The ocean looked rather dirty.)
　　We ________________________________________________________
　　3. The new stadium will be opened next month. (The stadium holds 90000 people.)
　　The ________________________________________________________
　　4. Joan is one of my closest friends. (I have known Joan for eight years.)
　　 ________________________________________________________
　　5. That man over there is an artist. (I don’t remember his name.) (use whose)
　　 ________________________________________________________
　　6. Opposite our house there is a nice park. (There are some beautiful trees in this park.) (use where)
　　 ________________________________________________________
　　7. The storm caused a lot of damage. (Nobody had been expecting the storm.)
　　 ________________________________________________________
　　8. The mail carrier was late this morning. (The mail carrier is nearly always on time.)
　　 ________________________________________________________
　　9. We often go to visit our friends in Baltimore. (Baltimore is only 30 miles away.)
　　 ________________________________________________________
　　10. Mr. Edwards has gone into the hospital for some tests. (His health hasn’t been good recently.) (use whose) ________________________________________________________
　　11. Jack looks much nicer without his beard. (His beard made him look much older.)
　　 ________________________________________________________
　　12. I went to see the doctor. (The doctor told me to rest for a few days.)3
　　 ________________________________________________________
　　13. Thank you for your letter. (I was very happy to get your letter.)
　　 ________________________________________________________
　　14. A friend of mine helped me to get a job. (His mother is the manager of a company.) (use whose)
　　 ________________________________________________________
　　15. Next weekend I’m going to Montreal. (My sister lives in Montreal.) (use where)
　　 ________________________________________________________
　　16. The population of London is now falling. (London was once the largest city in the world.) ________________________________________________________
　　17. I looked up at the moon. (The moon was very bright that evening.) ________________________________________________________
　　18. We spent a pleasant day by the lake. (We had a picnic by the lake.) (use where) ________________________________________________________

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UNIT 88 Relative clauses (5) – “extra information” clauses (2)　　
You should study Unit 87 before you study this unit.
　　a. Prepositions + whom/which
　　In “extra information” clauses you can use a preposition before whom (for people) and which (for things). So you can say “to whom/with whom/about which/for which,” etc.:
　　 Mr. Carter, to whom I spoke last night, is very interested in our plan.
　　 Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have gotten lost.
　　But is spoken English we often keep the preposition after the verb in the relative clause. When we do this, we normally use who (not whom):
　　 This is Mr. Carter, who I was telling you about.
　　 Yesterday we visited the National Museum, which I’d never been to before.
　　
　　b. All of/most of, etc. + whom/which Study these examples:
　　 Jack has three brothers. All of them are married. (2 sentences)
　　 Jack has three brothers, all of whom are married. (1 sentences)
　　 Ann has a lot of books. She hasn’t read most of them. (2 sentences)
　　 Ann has a lot of books, most of which she hasn’t read. (1 sentences)
　　 You can also say:
　　 none of/many of/much of/(a) few of/some of + whom (people)
　　 any of/half of/each of/both of/neither of + which (things)
　　 either of/one of/two of, etc.
　　 He tried on three jackets, none of which fit him.
　　 They’ve got three cars, two of which they never use.
　　 Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she went to school with.
　　 Two men, neither of whom I had seen before, came into my office.
　　
　　c. Which (not what)　　Study this example:
　　Jim passed his driving test. This surprised everybody. (2 sentences)
　　Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody. (1 sentence)
　　In this example which = the fact that he passed his driving test. You cannot use what instead of which in sentences like this:
　　 She couldn’t come to the party, which was a pity. (not… what was a pity)
　　 The weather was very good, which we hadn’t expected. (not… what we hadn’t expected)
　　For what see Unit 85c.
　　UNIT 88 Exercises
　　88.1 Write these sentences again, giving extra information in a relative clause. Use the sentences in parentheses (…) to make your relative clauses.　　
Example: Mr. Carter is interested in our plan. (I spoke to him on the phone last night.)
　　 Mr. Carter, who I spoke to on the phone last night, is interested in our plan.
　　 or: Mr. Carter, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is interested in our plan.
　　1. This is photograph of our friends. (We went on vacation with them.)
　　This is ___________________________________
　　2. The wedding took place last Friday. (Only members of the family were invited to it.)
　　The ___________________________________
　　3. I’ve just bought some books about astronomy. (I’m very interested in astronomy.) ___________________________________
　　
　　88.2 Make sentences with all of/most of, etc. + whom/which.　　
  Example: Jack has three brothers. All of them are married.
　　 Jack has three brothers, all of whom are married.
　　1. They gave us a lot of information. Most of it was useless.
　　They gave ___________________________________
　　2. There were a lot of people at the party. I had met only a few of them before. ___________________________________
　　3. I have sent him two letters. Neither of them has arrived. ___________________________________
　　4. Norman won $50000. He gave half of it to his parents. ___________________________________
　　5. Ten people applied for the job. None of them were qualified. ___________________________________
　　6. Tom made a number of suggestions. Most of them were very helpful. ___________________________________
　　
　　88.3 Complete these sentences, giving extra information in a relative clause. Use the sentences in the box to make your relative clauses.
　　 this means I can’t leave the country this was very nice of him　　 this makes difficult to contact her this was perfectly true
　　 this makes is difficult to sleep this was a shame
　　 I thought this was very rude of them
　　 1. She couldn’t come to the party, which was a shame.
　　 2. Jill doesn’t have a phone _____________________________
　　 3. They said they didn’t have any money _____________________________
　　 4. I haven’t got a passport, _____________________________
　　 5. He offered to let me stay in his house _____________________________
　　 6. They didn’t thank us for the meal before they left, _____________________________
　　 7. The part of town where I live is very noisy at night, _____________________________

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UNIT 89 –ing and –ed clauses
(“the woman talking to Tom,” “the man injured in the accident”)
　　a. A clause is a part of a sentence. Some clauses begin with –ing or –ed:
　　 Do you know the woman talking to Tom? (-ing clause)
　　 The man injured in the accident was taken to the hospital. (-ed clause)
　　
　　b. We use –ing clauses to say what someone (or something) is doing or was doing at particular time:
　　 Do you know the woman talking to Tom? (the woman is talking to Tom)
　　 The police officers investigating the robbery are looking for three men. (the police officers are investigating the robbery)
　　 I was awakened by a bell ringing. (the bell was ringing)
　　 Who was that man standing outside? (the man was standing outside)
　　 Can you hear someone singing? (someone is singing)
　　 For see/hear someone doing something see Unit 63.
　　 When you are talking about things (and sometimes people), you can use an –ing clause for permanent characteristics (what something does all the time, not just at a particular time):
　　 The road joining the two villages is very narrow. (the road joins the two villages)
　　 I live in a pleasant room overlooking the garden. (the room overlooks the garden)
　　
　　c. –ed clauses have a passive meaning:　　
The man injured in the accident was taken to the hospital. (the man was injured in the accident)
　　 None of the people invited to the party can come. (the people have been invited to the party)
　　 Injured and invited are past participles. Many verbs have irregular past participles that do not end in –ed. For example: stolen/made/bought/written, etc.:
　　 The money stolen in the robbery was never found. (the money was stolen in the robbery)
　　 Most of the goods made in this factory are exported. (the goods are made in this factory)
　　 For a full list of irregular verbs see Appendix 2.
　　
　　d. We often use –ing and –ed clauses after there is there was, etc.:　　
    Is there anybody waiting to see me?
　　 There were some children swimming in the river.
　　 When I arrived, there was a big red car parked outside the house.
　　 For more information about –ing clauses see Unit 64.
UNIT 89 Exercises　
　89.1 Rewrite the sentences. Each time use the information in parentheses (…) to make an –ing clause.
　　 Example: That woman is Australian. (she is talking to Tom)
　　 That woman talking to Tom is Australian.
　　1. A plane crashed into the ocean yesterday. (it was carrying 28 passengers).
　　A plane _____________________________
　　2. When I was walking home, there was a man. (he was following me)
　　When _____________________________
　　3. I was awakened by the baby. (she was crying)
　　I _____________________________
　　4. At the end of the street there is a path. (the path leads to the river)
　　At _____________________________
　　5. Some paintings were stolen from the gallery. (they belong to the artist)
　　Some _____________________________
　　
　　89.2 This time make an –ed clause.
　　 Example: The man was taken to the hospital. (he was injured in the accident)
　　 The man injured in the accident was taken to the hospital.
　　1. The window has now been repaired. (it was broken in last night’s storm)
　　The window _____________________________
　　2. Most of the suggestions were not very practical. (they were made at the meeting)
　　 _____________________________
　　3. The paintings haven’t been found yet. (they were stolen from the museum) _____________________________
　　4. Did you hear about the boy? (he was knocked down on his way to school this morning)
　　Did _____________________________
　　knocked down---fell down
　　89.3 Complete these sentences with the following verbs. Put the verb in the correct form:　
　 blow call invite live offer mail read ring sit study wait work
　　1. I was awakened by a bell ___________
　　2. None of the people ___________ to the party can come.
　　3. Tom has a brother ___________ in a bank in New York and a sister ___________ economics at a university in California.
　　4. Somebody ___________ Jack phoned while you were out.
　　5. All letters ___________ today should arrive tomorrow.
　　6. When I entered the waiting room there was nobody ___________ except for a young man ___________ by the window ___________ a magazine.
　　7. A few days after the interview, I received a letter ___________ me the job.
　　8. There was a tree ___________ down in the storm last night.
　　9. Sometimes life must be very unpleasant for people ___________ near airports.
　　

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UNIT 90 Adjectives ending in –ing and –ed (boring/bored, etc.)　
　a. There are many pairs of adjectives ending in –ing and –ed.
For example: boring and bored.
　　 Study this example situation:
　　 Jane has been doing the same job for a very long time. Every day she does exactly the same thing over and over. She doesn’t enjoy it any more and would like to do something different.
　　 Jane’s job is boring.
　　 Jane is bored (with her job).
　　 Someone is –ed if something (or someone) is –ing. Or, if something is –ing, it makes you –ed. So:　　
    Jane is bored because her job is boring.
　　 Jane’s job is boring, so Jane is bored. (not Jane is boring)
　　 Now study these examples:
　　 Someone is interested because something (or someone) is interesting:　　
     Tom is interested in politics. (not interesting in politics)
　　 Tom finds politics interesting.
　　 Are you interested in buying a car?
　　 Did you meet anyone interesting at the party?
　　 Someone is surprised because something is surprising:
　　 Everyone was surprised that she passed the exam.
　　 It was surprising that she passed the exam.
　　 Someone is disappointed because something is disappointing:
　　 I was disappointed with the movie. I expected it to be much better.
　　 The movie was disappointing. I expected it to be much better.
　　 Someone is tired because something is tiring:
　　 He is always very tired when he gets home from work.
　　 He has a very tiring job.
　　
　　b. Other pairs of adjectives ending in –ing and –ed are:　　
  fascinating fascinated horrifying horrified
　　 exciting excited terrifying terrified
　　 amusing amused frightening frightened
　　 amazing amazed depressing depressed
　　 astonishing astonished worrying worried
　　 shocking shocked annoying annoyed
　　 disgusting disgusted exhausting exhausted
　　 embarrassing embarrassed satisfying satisfied
　　 confusing confused
UNIT 90 Exercises　　
90.1 Complete two sentences for each situation. Use an adjective ending in –ing or –ed to complete each sentence.
　　 Example: The movie wasn’t as good as we had expected. (disappoint-)
　　a) The movie was disappointing.
　　b) We were disappointed with the movie.
　　1. It’s been raining all day. I hate this weather. (depress-)
　　a) This weather is ___________________ b) This weather makes me ___________________
　　2. Astronomy is one of Tom’s main interests. (interest-)
　　a) Tom is ___________________ in astronomy. b) He finds astronomy very ______________
　　3. I turned off the television in the middle of the program. (bor-)3
　　a) The program was ______________ b) I was ______________
　　4. Ann is going to Indonesia next month. She has never been there before. (excit-)
　　a) She is really ______________ about going. b) It will be an ____________ experience for her.
　　5. Diana teaches young children. It’s a hard job. (exhaust-)
　　a) She often finds her job ____________ b) At the end of the day’s work she is often ________
　　
　　90.2 Choose the right adjective.
　　 Example: I was disappointing/disappointed with the movie. I had expected it to be better.
　　1. We were all horrifying/horrified when we heard about the disaster.
　　2. It’s sometimes embarrassing/embarrassed when you have to ask people for money.
　　3. Are you interesting/interested in soccer?
　　4. I enjoyed the soccer game. It was very exciting/excited.
　　5. It was a really terrifying/terrified experience. Afterward everybody was very shocking/shocked.
　　6. I had never expected to be offered he job. I was really amazing/amazed when I got it.
　　7. The kitchen hadn’t been cleaned for ages. It was really disgusting/disgusted.
　　8. Do you get embarrassing/embarrassed easily?
　　
　　90.3 Complete these sentences with an adjective ending in –ing or –ed. The first letter(s) of the adjective are given each time.
　　 Example: Jane finds her job boring. She wants to do something different.
　　1. I seldom visit art galleries. I’m not very in______________ in art.
　　2. We went for a very long walk. It was very it______________
　　3. Why do you always look so b______________?
　　4. He’s one of the most b______________ people I’ve ever met. He never stops talking and never says anything in______________
　　5. I was as______________ when I heard they were getting divorced. They had always seemed so happy together.
　　6. I’m starting a new job next week. I’m really ex______________ about it.

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UNIT 91 Adjectives: Word order (“a nice new house”) After verbs (“Do you feel tired?”)　
　a. Sometimes we use two or more adjectives together:
　　 Tom lives in a nice new house.
　　 In the kitchen there was a beautiful large round wooden table.
　　 Adjectives like new/large/round/wooden are fact adjectives. They give us objective information about something (age, size, color, etc.). Adjectives like nice/beautiful are opinion adjectives. They tell us what some one thinks of something.　　
Opinion adjectives usually go before fact adjectives:　　
opinion fact
　　 a nice sunny day
　　 delicious hot soup
　　 an intelligent young man
　　 beautiful lager round wooden table
　　
　　b. Sometimes there are two or more fact adjectives. Very often (but not always) we put fact adjectives in this order:　　1. how big? → 2. how old? → 3. what color? → 4. where from? → 5. what is it made of? → NOUN
　　
　　a tall young man (1→2)
　　big blue eyes (1→3)
　　a small black plastic bag (1→3→5)
　　a large wooden table (1→5)
　　an old Russian song (2→4)
　　an old white cotton shirt (2→3→5)
　　
　　Adjectives of size and length (big/small/tall/short/long, etc.) usually go before adjectives of shape and width (round/fat/thin/slim/wide, etc.):　
　 a large round table a tall thin woman a long narrow street
　　c. We also use adjectives after some verbs, especially be/get/become:　　
    Are you tired? Be careful! I’m getting hungry..
　　 We also use adjectives after: feel smell taste sound seem look:
　　 Do you feel tired? Dinner smells good. This coffee tastes strong.
　　 Tom sounded angry when I spoke to him on the phone. Your friend seems very nice.
　　 But after other verbs you must use an adverb (see also Units 92 and 93):
　　 Drive carefully! (not drive careful)
　　 Susan plays the piano very well. (not plays…very good)
　　 Tom shouted at me angrily. (not plays…very good)
　　 Look We use an adjective after look when it means seem:
　　 Tom looked sad when I saw him.
　　 But after look at we use an adverb:
　　 Tom looked at me sadly. (not looked at me sad)
UNIT 91 Exercises　
　91.1 Put the adjectives in parentheses (…) in the correct position.
　　 Example: a beautiful table (wooden round) A beautiful round wooden table.
　　1. an unusual ring (gold) _____________________________
　　2. an old lady (nice) _____________________________
　　3. a good-looking man (young) _____________________________
　　4. a modern house (attractive) _____________________________
　　5. black gloves (leather) _____________________________
　　6. an American movie (old) ________ _____________________
　　7. a large nose (red) ____________________________
　　8. a sunny day (lovely) ____________________________
　　9. a hot bath (nice) ____________________________
　　10. an ugly dress (orange) ____________________________
　　11. a red car (old/little) ____________________________
　　12. a metal box (back/small) ____________________________
　　13. a long face (thin) ____________________________
　　14. a wide avenue (long) ____________________________
　　15. a big cat (fat/black) ____________________________
　　16. a little village (old/lovely) ____________________________
　　17. long hair (blonde/beautiful) ____________________________
　　18. an old painting (interesting/French) ____________________________
　　
　　91.2 Complete each sentence with a verb and an adjective from the box.
　　 feel look seemed smell sounded tastes
　　 awful fine interesting nice upset wet
　　1. Ann seemed upset this morning. Do you know what was wrong?
　　2. I can’t eat this. I’ve just tired it and it ____________________________.
　　3. Jim told me about his new job last night. It _____________ very _______________, much better than his old job.
　　4. I wasn’t very well yesterday, but I ____________________________ today.
　　5. what beautiful flowers! They ____________________________ too.
　　6. You ____________________________ have you been out in the rain?
　　
　　91.3 Choose the right word: adjective or adverb.　　
Examples: The dinner smells good/well. Drive careful/carefully!’
　　1. Please shut the door quiet/quietly
　　2. Can you be quiet/quietly.
　　3. This soup tastes nice nicely.
　　4. Tom cooks very good/well
　　5. Don’t go up that ladder. It doesn’t look safe/safely.
　　6. We were relieved that he arrived safe/safely after his long trip.
　　7. Do you feel nervous/nervous before exams?
　　8. Hurry up! You’re always so slow/slowly.
　　9. She looked at me angry/angrily when I interrupted her.

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UNIT 92 Adjectives and adverbs (1) (quick/quickly)　
　a. Study these examples:
　　 Our vacation was too short – the time went quickly.
　　 The driver of the car was seriously injured in the accident.
　　 Quickly and seriously are adverbs. Many adverbs are made from an adjective + ly:
　　 adjective: quick serious careful quiet heavy bad
　　 adverb: quickly seriously carefully quietly heavily badly
　　 For spelling rules see Appendix 3. For hard/fast/well see Unit 93.
　　 Not all words ending in –ly are adverbs. Some adjectives end in –ly too. For example:
　　 friendly lively elderly lonely silly lovely
　　
　　b. Adjective or adverb?
　　An adjective tells us more about a noun. We use adjectives before nouns and after a few verbs (especially be):
　　 Tom is a careful driver. Be quiet, please! We didn’t go out because of the heavy rain.
　　 I was disappointed that my exam results were so bad.
　　For adjectives after look/smell/feel, etc., see Unit 91c.　
　An adverb tells us more about a verb. An adverb tells us in what way some one does something or in what way something happens:
　　 Tom drove carefully along the narrow road. (not drove careful)
　　 Speak quietly, please! (not speak quiet)
　　 We didn’t go out because it was raining heavily. (not raining heavy)
　　 I was disappointed that I did so badly on the exam. (not did so bad)
　　Compare: She speaks perfect English. (adjective + noun)
　　 She speaks English perfectly. (verb + object + adverb)
　　
　　c. We also use adverbs before adjectives and other adverbs. For example:
　　reasonably cheap (adverb + adjective)
　　terribly sorry (adverb + adjective)
　　incredibly quickly (adverb + adverb)
　　 It’s a reasonably cheap restaurant and the food is extremely good.
　　 Oh, I’m terribly sorry. I didn’t mean to push you.
　　 Maria learns languages incredibly quickly.
　　 I was bitterly disappointed that I didn’t get the job.
　　 The examination was surprisingly easy.
　　You can use an adverb before a past participle (injured/organized, etc.):　　
      The meeting was very badly organized.
　　 The driver of the car was seriously injured in the accident.
　　 The building was totally destroyed in the fire.

UNIT 92 Exercises　　
92.1 Decide whether the underlined words are right or wrong. Correct wrong words.
　　 Examples: The driver of the car was serious injured. Wrong – seriously
　　 Be quiet, please! I’m trying to concentrate. Right
　　1. I waited nervous in the waiting room before the interview. _________
　　2. Why were you so unfriendly when I saw you yesterday? _________
　　3. It rained continuous for three days. _________
　　4. Alice and Stan are very happy married. _________
　　5. Tom’s French is not very good, but his German is almost fluent. _________
　　6. Eva lived in the U.S. for five years, so she speaks very well English. _________
　　7. Everybody at the party was very colorful dressed. _________
　　8. Ann likes wearing colorful clothes. _________
　　9. Sue is terrible upset about losing her job. _________
　　
　　92.2 Complete the sentences with adverbs. The first letter(s) of each adverb are given.　
  　 Example: We didn’t go out because it was raining heavily.
　　1. We had to wait for a long time, but we didn’t complain. We waited pat_________
　　2. I lost the tennis match because I played very ba_________
　　3. I don’t think he trusted me. He looked at me so sus_________.
　　4. Sorry, I didn’t mean to kick you. I didn’t do it int_________.
　　5. Nobody knew he was coming. He arrived unex_________.
　　6. Jill has just gotten a job in a store, but she won’t be staying there long. She is only working there tem_________ until she can find another job.
　　7. My French isn’t very good, but I can understand per_________ if people speak sl_________ and cl_________
　　8. I had very little difficulty finding an apartment. I found one quite ea_________.
　　
　　92.3 Choose two words (one from each box) to complete each sentence.　　
　　 absolutely reasonably badly
　　 completely seriously fully
　　 extremely unusually slightly
　　 cheap enormous planned
　　 changed ill quiet
　　 damaged insured sorry
　　
　　1. I thought the restaurant would be expensive, but it was reasonably cheap.
　　2. George’s mother is __________________ in the hospital.
　　3. The fire destroyed our house, but luckily we were __________________
　　4. What a big house! It’s __________________
　　5. It wasn’t a serious accident. The car was only __________________
　　6. A lot of things went wrong during our vacation because it was __________________
　　7. The children are normally very lively but they’re __________________ today.
　　8. When I returned home after 20 years, everything had __________________.
　　9. I’m __________________ about losing your book. I’ll buy you another one

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UNIT 93 Adjectives and adverbs (2) (good/well/, fast/hard/late, hardly)　
　a. Good/well Good is an adjective. The adverbs is well:
　　 You English is very good. You speak English well.
　　 Susan is a good pianist. She plays the piano well.
　　 Well often use well with past participles (dressed/know, etc.):
　　 well dressed (not good dressed) well known well educated
　　 But well is also an adjective with the meaning “in good health”:
　　 “How are you today?” “I’m very well, thanks.” (not I’m very good)
　　
　　b. Fast/hard/late These words are both adjectives and adverbs:
　　 adjective adverb’
　　 Jack is a very fast runner. Jack can run very fast.
　　 Ann is a hard worker. Ann works hard. (not works hardly)
　　 The train was late. I got up late this morning.
　　 The adverb lately = recently:
　　 Have you seen Tom lately?
　　
　　c. Hardly had completely different meaning from hard:
　　 Hardly = almost not. Study these examples:
　　 George asked Carol to marry him. She was surprised because they had only known each other for two days. She said: “We can’t get married now! We hardly know each other.” (= we know each other very little; we almost don’t know each other)
　　 Why was Tom so unfriendly at the party last night? (= he spoke to me very little)
　　 We often use hardly with can/could:
　　 Your writing is terrible. I can hardly read it. (= I can read it but only with a lot of difficulty)
　　 My leg was hurting me. I could hardly walk.
　　 We also use hardly with any/anyone/anything/anywhere:
　　 “How much money do you have?” “Hardly any.” (= almost none; very little)
　　 The exam results were very bad. Hardly anyone passed. (= almost no one passed; very few people passed)
　　 She ate hardly anything because she didn’t feel hungry. (= she at almost nothing; she ate very little)
　　 Note that you can say:
　　 She ate hardly anything or She hardly ate anything.
　　 We have hardly any food. or We hardly have any food.
　　 We’ve done hardly any work. or We’ve hardly done any work.
　　 Hardly ever = almost never:
　　 I’m nearly always at home in the evenings. I hardly ever go out.
UNIT 93 Exercises　
　93.1 Decide whether the underlined words are right or wrong. Correct the wrong words.
　　 Examples: We lost the game because we didn’t play very good. Wrong – well
　　 Ann has been working very hard recently. Right
　　1. Give my best wishes to your parents. I hope they are well. _________
　　2. The children behaved themselves very good. _________
　　3. I tired hardly to remember his name but I couldn’t. _________
　　4. The company’s financial situation is not well at present. _________
　　5. Jack has started his own business. Everything is going quite good. _________
　　6. Don’t walk so fast! Can’t you walk more slowly?
　　7. See you soon! Don’t work too hard.
　　
　　93.2 Finish these sentences with well + one of the following words:　
　 balanced behaved dressed informed kept known
　　1. The children were very good. They were well behaved.
　　2. Many people have heard of him. He is quite well _________.
　　3. Their garden is neat and tidy. It is very _________
　　4. You should eat different types of food. You should have a _________ diet.
　　5. Ann knows a lot about many things. She is a _________ woman.
　　6. His clothes were old and torn. He wasn’t very _________.
　　
　　93.3 Make sentences with hardly. Use the words in parentheses (…).
　　 Example: George and I have only met once. (know/each other) We hardly know each other.
　　1. I’m very tired this morning. (slept/last night) I __________________night.
　　2. You’re speaking very quietly. (can/hear) I can __________________ you.
　　3. I met Keith a few days ago. I hadn’t seen him for a long time. He looks very different now. (recognized) I __________________
　　4. They were really shocked when they heard the news. (could/speak) __________________
　　
　　93.4 Complete these sentences with hardly + any/anyone/anything/anywhere/ever　　
    Example: I’ll have to go shopping. We have hardly any food.
　　1. I listen to the radio a lot, but I __________________ watch television.
　　2. The weather was good during our vacation. There was __________________ rain.
　　3. He is not very popular __________________ likes him.
　　4. It’s crowded in here. There’s __________________ to sit down.
　　5. We used to be good friends, but we __________________ see each other now.
　　6. I hate this town. There’s _________ _________ to do and __________________ to go.
　　7. I enjoyed driving this morning. There was __________________ traffic

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UNIT 94 So and such　
　a. Study these examples:
　　 I didn’t enjoy the book. The story was so stupid.
　　 I didn’t enjoy the book. It was such a stupid story.
　　 We use so with an adjective without a noun: so stupid
　　 We use such with an adjective with a noun: such a stupid story
　　 You can also use so with an adverb:
　　 He’s difficult to understand because he speaks so quickly.
　　
　　b. So and such make the meaning of the adjective stronger:　
　 It’s a beautiful day, isn’t it? It’s so warm. (= really warm)
　　 We enjoyed our vacation. We had such a good time. (= a really good time)
　　 Compare so and such in these sentences:
　　 I like Tom and Ann. They are so nice.
　　 I like Tom and Ann. They are such nice people. (not so nice people)
　　 We often say so… that… and such…that…
　　 I was so tired that I went to bed at seven o’clock.
　　 She worked so hard that she made herself sick.
　　 It was such beautiful weather that we spent the whole day in the park.
　　 The book was so good that I couldn’t put it down.
　　 It was such a good that I couldn’t put it down.
　　 You can leave out that in these sentences:
　　 I was so tired (that) I went to bed at 7 o’clock.
　　
　　c. In these sentences we use so and such in a different way:　　
    I expected the weather to be much cooler. I didn’t expect it to be so warm. (= as warm as it is)
　　 I’m tired because I got up at 6 o’clock. I don’t usually get up so early. (= as early as 6 o’clock)
　　 Hurry up! Don’t walk so slowly. (= as slowly as you are walking)
　　 I was surprised when Jack told me the house was built 100 years ago. 1) I didn’t realize it was so old. 2) I didn’t realize it was such an old house. (= as old as it is)
　　
　　d. We say: so long but “such a long time”; so far but “such a long way”; so many, so much but “such a lot (of)”:
　　 I haven’t seen him for so long that I’ve forgotten what he looks like. (or…for such a long time…)
　　 I didn’t know you lived so far from the city. (or…such a long way from…)
　　 Why did you buy so much food? (or…such a lot of food?)
UNIT 94 Exercises
　　94.1 Put in so or such
　　 Example: Come on! Don’t walk so slowly!
　　 I’ve never read such a stupid book.
　　1. I was surprised that he looked _________ well after his recent illness.
　　2. They’re got _________ a lot of money, they don’t know what to do with it.
　　3. She is very attractive young woman. She’s got _________ beautiful eyes.
　　4. Everything is _________ expensive these days, isn’t it?
　　5. Why did you ask them _________ stupid questions?
　　6. It was _________ a boring movie that I fell asleep in the middle of it.
　　7. The wind was _________ strong, it was difficult to walk.
　　8. The food at the hotel was very bad. I’ve never eaten _________ awful food.
　　
　　94.2 Make a sentence with so from two sentences.　　
    Example: She worked very hard. She made herself sick.
　　1. I was very excited about going away. I couldn’t sleep.
　　I was so ___________________________
　　2. The water was very dirty. We decided not to go swimming.
　　 ____________________________________
　　3. She speaks English very well. You would think it was her native language.
　　 ____________________________________
　　
　　94.3 Use such instead of so.
　　 Example: The book was so good that I couldn’t put it down.
　　 It was such a good book that I couldn’t put it down.
　　1. The road is so narrow that it is difficult for two cars to pass each other.
　　It is ___________________________
　　2. The weather was so warm that I didn’t need a coat.
　　It ___________________________
　　3. His feet are so big that he has trouble finding shoes to fit him.
　　He has ___________________________
　　4. Why do you put so much sugar in your coffee?
　　Why ___________________________
　　
　　94.4 Complete these sentences.
　　 Example: We had a lot of problems. We hadn’t expected to have so many problems.
　　1. It’s a long way from your house to the airport.
　　I didn’t know it was so ___________________________
　　2. It took us a long time to get home this evening.
　　It doesn’t usually take us so ___________________________
　　3. You’ve got a lot of furniture in this room.
　　Why have you got so ___________________________

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UNIT 95 Enough and too　
　a. The position of enough:
　　Enough goes after adjectives and adverbs:
　　 He didn’t get the job because he wasn’t experienced enough. (not enough experienced)
　　 You won’t pass the exam if you don’t work hard enough.
　　 She can’t get married yet. She’s not old enough.
　　Enough goes before nouns:　　
    He didn’t et the job because he didn’t have enough experience. (not experience enough)
　　 I’d like to take a vacation, but I don’t have enough money.
　　 Some of us had to sit on the floor because there weren’t enough chairs
　　You can also use enough alone (without a noun):
　　 I’ll lend you some money if you don’t have enough.
　　
　　b. After enough and too you can say for someone/something:　　
   I don’t have enough money for a vacation.
　　 He wasn’t experienced enough for the job.
　　 This shirt is too big for me. I need a smaller size.
　　 But we do not usually say “enough/too… for doing something.” We use the infinitive after enough and too. So we say “enough money to do something,” “old enough to do something,” “too young to do something,” etc.:
　　 I don’t have enough money to take a vacation. (not for taking)
　　 He wasn’t experienced enough to do the job.
　　 She’s only sixteen. She’s not old enough to get married. (or She’s too young to get married.)
　　 Let’s take a taxi. It’s too far to walk.
　　 There weren’t enough chairs for everyone to sit down.
　　 The weather wasn’t nice enough to go swimming.
　　 She spoke too quickly for us to understand.
　　
　　c. We say:
　　 The food was so hot that we couldn’t eat it.
　　 and: The food was very hot. We wouldn’t eat it.
　　 or we say: The food was too hot to eat. (without “it”)
　　. Here are some more examples like this:
　　 That picture is too heavy to hang on the wall.
　　 I had to carry my wallet in my hand. It was too big to put in my pocket.
　　 The water wasn’t clean enough to swim in.
UNIT 95 Exercises　
　95.1 Complete these sentences using enough with one of the following words:
　　 big old warm well cups money qualifications room time
　　1. She can’t get married yet. She’s not old enough.
　　2. Tom would like to buy a car, but he doesn’t have __________________
　　3. I couldn’t make coffee for everybody. There weren’t __________________
　　4. Are you __________________ ? Or shall I turn on the heat?
　　5. It’s only a small car. There isn’t __________________ for all of you.
　　6. George didn’t feel __________________ to go to work this morning.
　　7. I didn’t finish the exam. I didn’t have __________________
　　8. Do you think I’ve got __________________ to apply for the job?
　　9. Try this jacket on and see if it’s __________________ for you.
　　
　　95.2 Answer these questions using the words in parentheses (…).
　　 Example: “Is she getting married.” (not old enough)
　　 “No, she isn’t old enough to get married.”
　　1. “Why can’t you talk to me now?”(too busy) “I’m too __________________now”
　　2. “Let’s go to the movies.” (too late) “No, it’s __________________ movies.”
　　3. “Why don’t we sit outside?” (not warm enough) “It’s not __________________”
　　4. “Would you like to be a politician?” (too nice) “No, I’m __________________”
　　5. “Are you going away on vacation this year?” (not enough money) “No, I don’t have _______________”
　　6. “Shall we take a picture?” (too dark) “No, __________________”
　　7. “Did you hear what he was saying?” (too far away) “No, we __________________”
　　8. “Can she make herself understood (in English)?” (not enough English) “No, she doesn’t speak __________________”
　　9. “Does Harry work?” (too lazy) “No, he’s __________________”
　　
　　95.3 Make one sentence (using too or enough) from the two sentences given.　
　 Example: We couldn’t eat the food. It was too hot. The food was too hot (for us) to eat.
　　1. I can’t drink this coffee. It’s too hot. This coffee is __________________
　　2. Nobody could move the piano. It was too heavy. The piano __________________
　　3. I can’t wear this coat in winter. It’s not warm enough. This coat __________________
　　4. Don’t stand on that chair. It’s not strong enough. That chair __________________
　　5. Six people can’t fit in this car. It’s not big enough for six people. This car __________________

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UNIT 96 The infinitive after adjectives　　
a. Compare these two sentences:　　
Jim doesn’t speak very clearly. 1) It is difficult to understand him. 2) He is difficult to understand.
　　 Sentences A and B have the same meaning. But note that we say “He is difficult to understand.” (not He is difficult to understand him.)
　　 You can use the structure in sentence B after difficult/easy/impossible/hard and after a few other adjectives:　　
Your writing is almost impossible to read. (not…to read it) (= It is almost impossible to read your writing.)
　　 Do you think this water is safe to drink? (not…to drink it)
　　 Jill is very interesting to talk to. (not… to talk to her)
　　 You can also use this structure with an adjective + noun:
　　 This is a very difficult question to answer. (not…to answer it)
　　 Jill is an interesting person to talk to.
　　 I enjoyed the soccer game. It was an exciting game to watch.
　　
　　b. We use the infinitive after the first/ the second/ the third, etc., and also after the next and the last:　
　 Who was the first person to reach the South Pole?
　　 If I have any more news, you’ll be the first to know.
　　 The next plane to arrive at gate 4 will be Flight 61 from Buenos Aires.
　　 Who was the last person to leave the building last night?
　　
　　c. You can use the infinitive after a number of adjectives to say how someone feels about something. For example:　　
   I was sorry to hear that your father is ill.
　　 Was Tom surprised to see you when you visited him?
　　 I was delighted to get your letter last week.
　　 Other adjectives you can use in this way include:
　　 happy pleased disappointed amazed glad sad relieved astonished　　
　　d. Note the structure (it is) nice of someone to do something. This structure is possible after a number of adjectives, including:
　　nice mean silly polite generous kind stupid clever careless foolish
　　 It was nice of you to take me to the airport. Thank you very much.
　　 It was careless of Jack to leave the door unlocked when he went out.
　　 It’s stupid of him to give up his job when he needs the money.
　　 It was very generous of Ann to lend us the money.
UNIT 96 Exercises
　　96.1 Write these sentences in another way, beginning as shown.
　　 Example: It is difficult to understand him. He is difficult to understand.
　　1. It’s easy to find our house. Our house is easy to find_.________________________.
　　2. It was very hard to open the window. The window _is hard to window._________________________
　　3. It’s impossible to translate some words. Some words __________________________
　　4. It’s not very difficult to make bread. Bread __________________________
　　5. It’s not safe to stand on that chair. That chair __________________________
　　6. It’s difficult to explain some grammatical rules. Some grammatical rules _________________________
　　7. It’s hard to find a good restaurant in this town. A good restaurant __________________________
　　
　　96.2 Use the following words to complete each sentence:　
　 first man/walk first/complain last/arrive last person/see next train/arrive
　　1. The next train to arrive at platform 2 will be the 7:45 to Chicago.
　　2. When anything goes wrong, Mary is always _________________ first complain_________
　　3. Nobody has seen Keith for days. Who was ___________ last person see _______________ him?
　　4. Neil Armstrong was _ _________________________ first man walk on the moon.
　　5. We always have to wait for her. She’s always last arrive__________________________.
　　
　　96.3 Use the following words to complete these sentences:
　　 delighted/get astonish/find sorry/hear happy/see glad/hear
　　1. I was really delighted to get your letter last week.
　　2. Thank you for your letter. I’m glad _________________________ that you’re doing well.
　　3. When I walked into my bedroom, I was astonish _________________ a complete stranger sleeping in my bed.
　　4. Hello! I’m so glad you could come. I’m really _happy________________________ you again.
　　5. I’m _________________________ that your mother is ill. I hope she gets better soon.
　　
　　96.4 Make sentences using the words in parentheses (…).　　
Example: Jack left the door unlocked when he went out. (careless)
　　 It was careless of Jack to leave the door unlocked when he went out.
　　1. Sue offered to help me. (kind)
　　It was __________________________ me.
　　2. You make the same mistake over and over. (careless)
　　It’s __________________________
　　3. She went out in the rain without a raincoat. (stupid)
　　It was __________________________
　　4. Don and Jenny invited me to stay with them for a few days. (nice)
　　It __________________________
　　5. He left without saying thank you. (not polite)
It wasn’t __________________________

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UNIT 97 Comparison (1) – cheaper, more expensive, etc.　
　a. Study these examples:
　　 Let’s go by car. It’s cheaper.
　　 Don’t go by train. It’s more expensive.
　　 Cheaper and more expensive are comparative form.
　　 After comparatives we use than:
　　 It’s cheaper to go by car than to go by train.
　　 For than see also Unit 99.
　　
　　b. We use –er for the comparative of short adjectives and adverbs:　
　cheap/cheaper hard/harder large/larger thin/prettier
　　and also: quiet/quieter narrow/narrower simple/simpler
　　 The examination was easier than we expected.
　　 It’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere quieter?
　　For spelling rules see Appendix 3.
　　
　　c. We use more… (not -er) for other two-syllable adjectives and longer adjectives:
　　 more modern more serious more expensive more comfortable
　　 More expensive hotels are usually more comfortable than cheaper ones.
　　 Her illness was more serious than we first thought.
　　 We also say more often:
　　 I don’t play tennis much now. I used to play more often.
　　 But we say earlier (not more early)
　　 You’re always tired in the mornings. You should go to bed earlier.
　　
　　d. Before the comparative if adjectives and adverbs you can use:　　
    a (little) bit a little much a lot far (= a lot)
　　 Let’s go by car. It’s much (or a lot) cheaper.
　　 Don’t go by train. It’s much (or a lot) more expensive.
　　 Ann works a lot (or much) harder than most of her friends.
　　 Could you speak a (little) bit (or a little) more slowly?
　　 Her illness was far more serious than we first thought.
UNIT 97 Exercises
　　97.1 Complete these sentences. Each time use the comparative form of one of the following adjectives or adverbs:　　
crowded early easily expensive interested large near often quiet thin
　　1. This jacket is too small. I need a lager size.
　　2. You look ________. Have you lost weight?
　　3. He’s not so enthusiastic about his studies. He’s ________ in having a good time.
　　4. You’ll find your way around the town ________ if you have a map.
　　5. You’re making too much noise. Can you be a little bit ________?
　　6. There were a lot of people in the café. It was ________ than usual.
　　7. You’re late. I expected you to be here ________.
　　8. You hardly ever write to me. Why don’t you write a little ________?
　　9. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be much ________
　　10. It’s a shame you live so far away. I wish you lived ________
　　
　　97.2 Complete these sentences. Use the comparative of the words in parentheses (…) + than.
　　 Example: Her illness was more serious than we first thought. (serious)
　　1. Sorry I’m late. It took me ________ to get here ________ I expected. (long)
　　2. My toothache is ___________ it was yesterday. (painful)
　　3. She looks about 20, but in fact she’s much ___________ she looks. (old)
　　4. The problem is not so complicated. It’s ___________ you think. (simple)
　　5. Your English has improved. You speak a lot ___________ you did when we last met. (fluently)
　　6. Health and happiness are ___________ money. (important)
　　7. We always go camping when we go on vacation. It’s much ___________ staying in a hotel. (cheap)
　　8. I like the country. It’s ___________ and ___________ living in the city. (healthy/peaceful)
　　
　　97.3 This exercise is similar, but this time you also need to use a bit/a little/much/a lot/ far. Use than where necessary.
　　 Example: Her illness was much more serious than we first thought. (much/serious)
　　1. It’s ___________ today ___________ it was yesterday. (a little/serious)
　　2. You’re driving too fast. Can you drive ___________? (a little/slow)
　　3. A: Did you enjoy your visit to the museum?
　　B: Yes, I found it ___________ I expected. (far/interesting)
　　4. I prefer this armchair. It’s ___________ the other one. (much/comfortable)
　　5. You looked depressed this morning, but you look ___________ now. (a little/happy)
　　6. This apartment is too small. I need something ___________. (much/big)
　　7. It’s ___________ to learn a foreign language in the country where it is spoken. (a lot/ easy)

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UNIT 98 Comparison (2)　
　a. Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative forms:
　　 good/well better Let me ask him. I know him better than you do. The garden looks better since you tidied it up.
　　 bad/badly worse “Is your headache better?” “No, it’s worse.” The situation was much worse than we expected.
　　 Far further I’m very tired. I can’t walk much further.
　　 (or farther) (or….much farther.)
　　 Further (but not farther) can also mean more or additional:
　　 Let me know immediately if you hear any further news. (= any more news)
　　 Note the comparative words more and less:
　　 I smoke more than I used to.
　　 We’ve got less time than I thought.
　　
　　b. Older and elder　　The comparative of old is elder:
　　 Tom looks older than her really is. (not elder)
　　We use elder when we are talking about members of a family. We say (my) elder brother/sister/son/daughter (older is also possible):
　　 My elder (or order) brother is a pilot
　　We use elder only before a noun:
　　 My brother is older than me. (not elder than me)
　　For eldest see Unit 100c.
　　
　　c. Sometimes you can use two comparatives together. For example: harder and harder, more and more, more and more difficult. We use this structure to say that something is changing continuously:
　　 It’s becoming harder and harder to find a job.
　　 Your English is improving. It’s getting better and better.
　　 It’s becoming more and more difficult to find a job.
　　 These days more and more people are learning English.
　　
　　d. Note the structure the + comparative the better. For example:　　
“What time shall we leave?” “The sooner the better.” (= it will be best if we leave as soon as possible)
　　 “What size box do you want?” “The bigger the better.” (= it will be best if the box is as big as possible)
　　 We also use the…the… (with two comparatives) to say that one thing depends on another thing:
　　 The warmer the weather, the better I feel.
　　 The earlier we leave, the sooner we will arrive.
　　 The more expensive the hotel, the better the service.
　　 The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be.
　　 The more you have, the more you want.
UNIT 98 Exercises　
　98.1 Complete these sentences using these words: better worse further older elder You have to use some of these words more than once. Use than where necessary.
　　 Example: Let me ask him. I know him better than you do.
　　1. We complained about the food in our hotel. But instead of improving, it got ________________
　　2. Your work isn’t very good. I’m sure you can do __________________ this.
　　3. Ann’s younger sister is still in school. Her __________________ sister is a nurse.
　　4. Our team played really badly this afternoon. We played _________ we have ever played before.
　　5. You’re standing too near the camera. Can you move a little __________________ away?
　　6. “Is Jim younger than Tom?” “No, he’s __________________”
　　7. The damage to our car wasn’t so bad. It could have been much __________________
　　8. If you need any __________________ information, please contact our head office.
　　
　　98.2 Use the structure… and … (see section c).
　　 Examples: It’s becoming harder and harder to find a job. (hard)
　　 It’s becoming more and more difficult to find a job. (difficult)
　　1. As I waited for my interview, I because __________________ (nervous)
　　2. That hole in your sweater is getting __________________ (big)
　　3. The suitcase seemed to get __________________ as I carried it along the road. (heavy)
　　4. Ad the day wore on, the weather got __________________ (bad)
　　5. As the conversation continued, he became __________________ (talkative)
　　6. Traveling is becoming __________________ (expensive)
　　7. Since she has been in the U.S., her English has gotten __________________. (good)
　　
　　98.3 Write sentences with the… the… Choose a half sentence from box A to go with a half sentence from box B.　　
　　 A the earlier we leave
　　 the longer he waited
　　 the more I got to know him
　　 the more you practice your English
　　 the longer the telephone call
　　 the more goods you sell
　　 B the faster you’ll learn
　　 the more you have to pay
　　 the sooner we’ll arrive
　　 the more profit you’ll make
　　 the more impatient he became
　　 the more I liked him
　　
　　1. The earlier we leave, the sooner we’ll arrive.
　　2. ____________________________________
　　3. ____________________________________
　　4. ____________________________________
　　5. ____________________________________
　　6. ____________________________________

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UNIT 99 Comparison (3) – as…as/ than　　
a. Study this example situation:　　
Joe, Henry, and Arthur are all millionaires. They are all very rich. Joe has $10 million, Henry has $6 million, and Arthur has $2 million. So:
　　 Henry is rich.
　　 He is richer than Arthur.
　　 But he isn’t as rich as Joe. (= Joe is richer than Henry is)
　　 Here are some more examples of not as…as:
　　 Sue isn’t as old as she looks. (= she looks older than she is)
　　 The shopping center wasn’t as crowded this morning as it usually is. (= it is usually more crowded).
　　 Jim didn’t do as well on his exam as he had hoped. (= he had hoped to do better)
　　 “The weather’s better today, isn’t it?” “Yes, it’s not as cold.” (=yesterday was colder)
　　 I don’t know as many people as you do. (= you know more people)
　　 You can also say “not so…as” (instead of “not as…as”):　　 Henry isn’t so rich as Joe.
　　
　　b. You can also use as…as (but not “so…as”) in positive sentences and in questions:
　　 I’m sorry I’m late. I got here as fast as I could.
　　 There’s plenty of food, so eat as much as you like.
　　 Let’s walk. It’s just as quick as taking the bus.
　　 Can you send me the money as soon as possible, please?
　　 We also say twice as…as, three times as… as, etc.
　　 Gasoline is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago.
　　 Their house is about three times as big as ours.
　　c. We say the same as (not the same like):
　　 Ann’s salary is the same as mine. (or Ann gets the same salary as me.)
　　 Tom is the same age as George.
　　 “What would you like to drink?” “I’ll have the same as last time.”
　　
　　d. After than and as it is more usual to say me/him/her/them/us when there is no verb. Compare these sentences:
　　 You are taller than I am. but: You are taller than me.
　　 They have move money than we have but: They have more money than us.
　　 I can’t run as fast as he can. but: I can’t run as fast as him.
UNIT 99 Exercises
　　99.1 Complete the sentences using as…as　　
Examples: I’m very tall, but you are taller. I’m not as tall as you.
　　 Ann works reason hard, but she used to work much harder.
　　 Ann doesn’t work as hard as she used to.
　　1. My salary is high, but yours is higher. My salary isn’t ________________________
　　2. You know a little bit about cars, but I know more. You don’t __________________
　　3. I still smoke, but I used to smoke a lot more. I don’t __________________
　　4. I still fell tired, but I felt a lot more tired yesterday. I don’t __________________
　　5. They’ve lived here for a long time, but we’ve lived here longer. They haven’t __________________
　　6. I was a little nervous before the interview, but usually I’m a lot more nervous. I wasn’t ____________________________________
　　7. The weather is still unpleasant today, but yesterday it was worse. The weather isn’t ____________________________________
　　
　　99.2 Rewrite these sentences so that they have the same meaning. Begin as shown.
　　 Example: Jack is younger than he looks. Jack isn’t as old as he looks
　　1. It’s warmer today than yesterday. It isn’t ____________________________________
　　2. The station was nearer than I thought. The station wasn’t __________________
　　3. I go out less than I used to. I don’t ____________________________________
　　4. The hotel is cheaper than I expected. The hotel isn’t __________________
　　5. There were fewer people at this meeting than at the last one. There weren’t __________________
　　6. The exam was easier than we expected. The exam wasn’t __________________
　　
　　99.3 Complete these sentences using just as with one of the following words:
　　 bad comfortable expensive quick well-qualified
　　1. Let’s walk. It’s just as quick as taking the bus.
　　2. I’m going to sleep on the floor. It’s __________________ sleeping in that bed.
　　3. Why did she get the job? I’m __________________ her.
　　4. I thought he was nice, but he’s __________________ everybody else.
　　5. You won’t find a cheaper restaurant than this. They’ll all be __________________
　　
　　99.4 Make sentences with the same as.　　
    Example: (Tom/same age/George) Tom is the same age as George.
　　1. (your hair/same color/ mine) Your hair ____________________________________
　　2. (I arrived here/ same time/ you) ____________________________________
　　3. (you made/ same mistake/ I made) ____________________________________

jessi

谢谢。。。。

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UNIT 100 Superlative – the longest, the most enjoyable, etc.
　　a. Study these examples:　
　 What is the longest river in the world?
　　 What was the most enjoyable vacation you’ve ever had?
　　 Longest and most enjoyable are superlative forms.
　　
　　b. We use –est most… to form the superlative of adjectives and adverbs. In general we use –est for shorter words and most… for longer words. (The rules are the same as those for the comparative – see Unit 97.)
For example:
　　 long/longest hot/hottest easy/easiest hard/hardest
　　 but: most famous most boring most difficult most expensive.
　　 For spelling rules see Appendix 3.
　　 Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.
　　 That was the most boring movie I’ve ever seen.
　　 “Why did you stay at that hotel?” “It was the cheapest we could find.”
　　 She is a really nice person – one of the nicest people I know.
　　 Note the irregular superlatives best and worst:
　　 That was delicious meal. It’s one of the best I’ve ever had.
　　 Why does he always come to see me at the worst possible moment?
　　 Don’t forget that we normally use the with superlatives: “the best,” “the most boring,” etc.
　　
　　c. Oldest and eldest　　The superlative of old is oldest:
　　 That house over there is the oldest building in the town. (not the eldest)
　　We use eldest when we are talking about the members of a family (oldest is also possible):
　　 My eldest (or oldest) son is 13 years old.
　　 Are you the eldest (or oldest) in your family?
　　
　　d. After superlatives, we use in with places (towns, buildings, etc.):　　
     What’s the longest river in the world? (not of the world)
　　 We were lucky to have one of the nicest rooms in the hotel.
　　 Also: (the best…) in the class/ in the company, etc.
　　 But: the happiest day of my life, the hottest day of the year.
　　 Note that we often use the present perfect (I have done) after a superlative (see also Unit 14a):
　　 What’s the best movie you’ve ever seen?
　　 That was the most delicious meal I’ve had in a long time.
　　
　　e. We sometimes use most + adjective (without the) to mean very:　
　 The book you lent me was most interesting. (= very interesting)
　　 Thank you for the money. It was most generous of you. (= very generous)
UNIT 100 Exercises　　
100.1 Complete the sentences with a superlative and preposition.
　　 Example: It’s a very nice room. It’s the nicest room in the hotel.
　　1. It’s a very cheap restaurant. It’s __________________ town.
　　2. It was a very happy day. It was __________________ my life.
　　3. She’s a very intelligent student. She __________________ the school.
　　4. It’s a very valuable painting. It __________________ the gallery.
　　In the following sentences use one of the + superlative.
　　Example: It’s a very nice room. It’s one of he nicest rooms in the hotel.
　　5. He’s a very rich man. He’s one __________________ the world.
　　6. It’s a very old castle. It’s __________________ France.
　　7. She’s very good student. She __________________ the class.
　　8. It was a very bad experience. It was __________________ my life.
　　9. He’s a very dangerous criminal. He __________________ the country.
　　
　　100.2 Read these sentences and then write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use a superlative each time and begin each sentence as shown.
　　 Example: I’ve never seen such a boring movie. It’s the most boring movie I’ve ever seen.
　　1. I’ve never heard such a funny story. That’s the __________________ heard.
　　2. He’s never made such a bad mistake. It’s __________________
　　3. I haven’t tasted such good coffee in a long time. That’s __________________
　　4. I’ve never slept in such an uncomfortable bed. This is __________________
　　5. I’ve never had such a big meal. It’s __________________
　　6. I’ve never met such a generous person as Ann. Ann is __________________
　　7. I’ve never had such a good friend as you. You __________________
　　8. I haven’t had to make such a difficult decision in years.
　　
　　100.3 Here are some questions for you to answer. But first write the question using the words in parentheses (…). Then answer them.
　　 1. (what/large/city/your country?) What is the largest city in your country?
　　 2. (who/famous singer/your country?) Who __________________ your country?
　　 3. (what/popular sport/ your country?) What __________________
　　 4. (what/expensive thing/ you/ever bought?) __________________
　　 5. (what/ happy/day/ your life?) What was __________________
　　 6. (what/stupid thing/you/ever done?) __________________
　　 7. (who/intelligent person/you know?) __________________
　　 8. (who/beautiful person/ you know?) __________________

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UNIT 101 Word order (1) – verb + object; place and time
　　a. Verb + object
　　The verb and the object of the verb normally go together. We do not usually put other words between them:
　　 verb + object
　　 I like children very much. (not I like very much children)
　　 Did you see Norman yesterday?
　　 Ann often plays tennis.
　　 Here are some more examples. Notice how each time the verb and the object go together:
　　 Do you clean the house every weekend? (not Do you clean every weekend the house?)
　　 Everybody enjoyed the party very much. (not Everybody enjoyed very much the party.)
　　 Our guide spoke English fluently. (not… spoke fluently English.)
　　 I not only lost all my money – I also lost my passport. (not I lost also my passport.)
　　 At the end of the street you’ll see a supermarket on your left. (not…see on your left a supermarket.)
　　 For the position of words like also and often before the verb, see Unit 102.
　　
　　b. Place and time
　　We usually say the place (where?) before the time (when?/how often?/how long?):
　　 place time
　　 Tom walks to work every morning. (not Tom walks every morning to work.)
　　 She has been in Canada since April.
　　 We arrived at the airport early.
　　Here are some more examples:
　　 I’m going to Pairs on Monday. (not I’m going on Monday to Pairs.)
　　 Don’t be late. Make sure you’re here by 8 o’clock.
　　 Why weren’t you at home last night?
　　 You really shouldn’t go to bed so late.
　　It is often possible to put the time at the beginning of the sentence:
　　 On Monday I’m going to Pairs.
　　 Every morning Tom walks to work.
　　Note that you cannot use early or late at the beginning of the sentence in this way.
　　There is more information about word order in Unit 102.
UNIT 101 Exercises　
　101.1 Decide whether the word order is right or wrong. Correct the sentences that are wrong.　　
Examples: I like children very much. Right
　　 Tom walks every morning to work. Wrong – to work every morning
　　1. Jim doesn’t like very much baseball. ________
　　2. Ann drives every day her car to work. ________
　　3. When I heard the news, I called Tom immediately ________
　　4. Maria speaks very well English. ________
　　5. After eating quickly my dinner, I went out. ________
　　6. You watch all the time television. Can’t you do something else? ________
　　7. Liz smokes about 20 cigarettes every day. ________
　　8. I think I’ll go early to bed tonight. ________
　　9. You should go to the dentist every six months. ________
　　10. When I heard the alarm, I got immediately out of bed. ________
　　11. Did you learn a lot of things at school today? ________
　　12. We went last night to the movies. ________
　　
　　101.2 Put the parts of a sentence in the correct order. The first nine sentences are like those in section a.
　　 Example: (children/very much/I like) I like children very much.　　1. (she won/easily/the game) She won ________________________
　　2. (again/please don’t ask/that question) Please ________________________
　　3. (tennis/every weekend/does Ken play?) Does ________________________
　　4. (quietly/ the door/ I closed) I ________________________
　　5. (his name/after a few minutes/ I remembered) ________________________
　　6. (a letter to her parents/ Ann writes/ every week) ________________________
　　7. (at the top of the page/ your name/ please write) ________________________
　　8. (some interesting books/we found/ in the library) ________________________
　　9. (across from the park/ a new hotel/ they are building) ________________________
　　10. (to the bank/ every Friday/ I go) I go ________________________
　　11. (home/why did you come/so late?) Why ________________________
　　12. (around town/.all morning/I’ve been walking) ________________________
　　13. (recently/ to the theater/ have you been?) ________________________
　　14. (to London/ for a few days next week/ I’m going) ________________________
　　15. (on Saturday night/I didn’t see you/ at the party) _______________________

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UNIT 102 Word order (2) – adverbs with the verb　
　a. We put some adverbs (for example always, also, probably) with the verb in the middle of a sentence:　　
    Tom always goes to work by car.
　　 We were feeling very tired. We were also hungry.
　　 Your car has probably been stolen.
　　
　　b. Study these rules for the position of adverbs in the middle of a sentence. (They are only general rules, so there are exceptions.)
　　i) If the verb is one word (goes, cooked, etc.), we usually put the adverb before the verb:
　　adverb verb
　　 Tom always goes to work by car.
　　 I cleaned the house and also cooked dinner. (not cooked also)
　　 Jack hardly ever watches television and rarely reads newspapers.
　　 She almost fell over as she came down the stairs.
　　 Note that these adverbs (always/often/also, etc.) go before have to:　　
   We always have to wait a along time for the bus.
　　 But adverbs go after am/is/are/was/were:　　
We were feeling very tired. We were also hungry.
　　 Why are you always late? You’re never on time.
　　 The traffic isn’t usually as had as it was this morning.
　　ii) Sometimes a verb is two or more words (can remember, doesn’t smoke, has been stolen, etc.). We usually put the adverb after the first part of the verb:
　　 verb1 adverb verb2
　　 I can never remember his name.
　　 Ann doesn’t usually smoke.
　　 Are you definitely going to the party tomorrow?
　　 Your car has probably been stolen
　　 My parents have always lived in Chicago.
　　 Jill can’t cook. She can’t even boil an egg.
　　 The house was only built a year ago and it’s already falling down.
　　 In negative sentences probably goes before the negative. So we say:
　　 I probably won’t see you. or I will probably not see you.
　　 (but not I won’t probably see you.)
　　
　　c. We also use all and both in these positions:　
　 We all felt sick after the meal.
　　 Jack and Tom have both applied for the job.
　　 We are all going out to eat tonight.
　　 My parents are both teachers.
UNIT 102 Exercises　　
102.1 Decide whether the underlined words are in the right position or not. Correct the sentences that are wrong.
　　 Examples: Tom goes always to work by car. WRONG – Tom always goes
　　 I cleaned the house and also cooked dinner. RIGHT
　　 1. I have a good memory for faces, but I always forget names. ________
　　 2. Those tourists over there probably are French. _________
　　 3. Amy gets hardly every angry. _________
　　 4. We both were astonished when we heard the news. _________
　　 5. I soon found the keys I had lost. _________
　　 6. I did some shopping and I went also to the bank. _________
　　 7. Jim has always to hurry in the morning because he gets up so late. _________
　　 8. The baby is very good. She seldom cries during the night. _________
　　 9. I usually am very tired when I get home from work. _________
　　 10. I usually take a bath when I get home from work. _________
　　
　　102.2 Rewrite the sentences to include the word in parentheses (…).
　　 Example: Ann doesn’t smoke. (usually) Ann doesn’t usually smoke.
　　 1. Have you been arrested? (ever) Have I__________________
　　 2. I don’t have to work on Saturday. (always) __________________
　　 3. Does Tom sing when he’s taking a shower? (always) __________________
　　 4. I’ll be home late tonight. (probably) __________________
　　 5. We are going away tomorrow. (all) __________________
　　 6. (Don’t take me seriously.) I was joking. (only) I __________________.
　　 7. Did you enjoy the party? (both) __________________
　　 8. ( I’ve got a lot of housework to do.) I must write some letters. (also) I __________________
　　
　　102.3 Put the words in parentheses into the sentences in the correct order.　　 Example: I can never remember his name. (remember/never/can)
　　1. I __________________ sugar in my tea. (take/usually)
　　2. “Where’s Jim?” “He __________________ home early.” (gone/has/probably)
　　3. Ann __________________ very generous. (is/always)
　　4. John and Carol __________________ in Vancouver. (both/were/born)
　　5. Tim is a good pianist. He __________________ very well. (sing/also/can)
　　6. Our television set __________________ down. (often/breaks)
　　7. We __________________ a long time for the bus. (have/always/to wait)
　　8. My eyesight isn’t very good. I __________________ with glasses. (read/can/only)
　　9. I __________________ early tomorrow. (probably/leaving/will/be)
　　10. I’m afraid I __________________ able to come to the party. (probably/be/won’t)
　　11. If we hadn’t taken the same train, we __________________ each other. (never/met/might/have)

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UNIT 103 Still and yet Anymore/any longer/ no longer　
　a. Still and yet　　We use still to say that a situation or action is continuing. Still usually goes in the middle of the sentence with the verb (see Unit 102b for the exact position):
　　 It’s 10:00 and Tom is still in bed.
　　 “Have you given up smoking?” “No, I still smoke.”
　　 Are you still living in the same house, or have you moved?
　　 When I went to bed, Ann was still working.
　　 Do you still want to go to the party, or have you changed your mind?
　　We use yet when we ask if something has happened or when we say that something has not happened. We use yet mainly in questions and negative sentences. Yet usually goes at the end of the sentences:　　
    I’m hungry. Is dinner ready yet?
　　 Have you finished writing that letter yet?
　　 It’s 10:00 and Tom hasn’t gotten up yet. (or… isn’t up yet)
　　 We don’t know where we’re going on our vacation yet.
　　We often use yet with the present perfect (“Have you finished writing that letter yet?”). See also Unit 15b.
　　Now compare still and yet in these sentences:
　　 Jack lost his job a year ago and he is still unemployed.
　　 Jack lost his job a year ago and hasn’t found another job yet.
　　 Is it still raining?
　　 Has it stopped raining yet?
　　Still is also possible in negative sentences:
　　 He said he would be here an hour ago, and he still hasn’t come.
　　This is similar to “he hasn’t come yet.” But still…not shows a stronger feeling of surprise or impatience. Compare:
　　 She hasn’t written to me yet. (but I expect she will write soon)
　　 She still hasn’t written to me. (she should have written before now)
　　
　　b. We use not… anymore, not… any longer, and no longer to say that a situation has changed. Anymore and any longer go at the end of the sentence:　　
Mr. Davis doesn’t work here anymore (or any longer). He left about six months ago.
　　 We were good friends once, but we aren’t friends anymore (or any longer).
　　 No longer goes in the middle of the sentence (see Unit 102b):　
　 We are no longer friends.
　　 She no longer loves him.
　　 We do not normally use no more in this way:
　　 He is no longer a student. (not He is no more a student.)
UNIT 103 Exercises
　　103.1 Ask some question about a friend, Dave. You haven’t seen Dave for a very long time. When you last saw him.
　　
　　 1. he was living on Market Street
　　 2. he was single
　　 3. he was working in a factory
　　 4. he had a beard
　　 5. he wanted to be a politician
　　 6. he smoked lot
　　
　　 You meet someone who has met Dave recently. Ask question about Dave, using still.
　　
　　1. Is he still living on Market Street?
　　2. __________________single?
　　3. __________________
　　4. __________________
　　5. __________________
　　6. __________________
　　
　　
　　103.2 Write sentences with yet.
　　 Example: It’s still raining. (stopped) It hasn’t stopped raining yet.
　　1. George is still here. (gone) He __________________
　　2. The concert is still going on. (finished) It __________________
　　3. The children are still asleep. (woken up) __________________
　　4. Ann is still on vacation. (come back) __________________
　　5. Linda is still up. (gone to bed) __________________
　　6. We’re still waiting for him to reply to our letter. (replied) __________________
　　7. I’m still thinking about what color to paint the wall. (decided) __________________
　　
　　103.3 Use still and not… anymore.
　　 Example: Tom used to play tennis and soccer. (still/tennis but…)
　　 He still plays tennis, but he doesn’t play soccer anymore.
　　1. Jack used to have long hair and a beard. (still/long hair but…)
　　He __________________, but __________________
　　2. She was in the hospital and she was in critical condition. (still/hospital but…)
　　 __________________, but __________________
　　3. She was a student, and she was studying economics. (still/a student but…)
　　 ____________________________________
　　4. I was feeling tired and sick. (still/tired but…)
　　 ____________________________________
　　5. He was a good player, and he was the best on the team. (still/good player but…)
　　 ____________________________________
　　6. I used to like George and Ken. (still/George but…)
　　 ____________________________________
　　Now use no longer instead of not…anymore in sentences 1—4
　　
　　7. (1) He no longer has a beard.
　　8. (2)________________________________
　　9. (3) She____________________________
　　10. (4)________________________________

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UNIT 104 Although/though/even though In spite of /despite
　　a. Study this example situation:
　　 Last year Jack and Jill spent their vacation at the beach.
　　 It rained a lot, but they enjoyed themselves. You can say:
　　 Although it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves. (= It rained a lot, but they…) or In spite of/Despite the rain, they enjoyed themselves.
　　
　　b. After although we use a subject + verb:　　
    Although she smokes 20 cigarettes a day, she seems quite healthy.
　　 Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our vacation.
　　 I didn’t get the job, although I had all the necessary qualifications.
　　 After in spite of (or despite) we use a noun, a pronoun (this/that/what, etc.), or –ing:
　　 In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our vacation.
　　 I didn’t get the job, despite my qualifications.
　　 She wasn’t well, but in spite of this she went to work.
　　 Despite what I said last night, I still love you.
　　 I’m not tired, in spite of working hard all day.
　　 Note that we say “in spite of,” but despite (without of).
　　 You can also say in spite of/despite the fact that…:
　　 In spite of the fact that I was tired, I couldn’t sleep.
　　 She seems healthy, despite the fact that she smokes 20 cigarettes a day.
　　 Compare although and in spite of/despite:
　　 Although the traffic was bad, I arrived on time.
　　 In spite of the traffic, I arrived on time.
　　 I couldn’t sleep, although I was very tired.
　　 I couldn’t sleep, despite being very tired.
　　c. Sometimes we use though instead of although:　　
    I didn’t get the job, though I had all the necessary qualifications.
　　 In spoken English we often use though at the end of a sentence:
　　 The house isn’t very nice. I like the garden though. (= but I like the garden)
　　 I see him every day. I’ve never spoken to him though. (= but I’ve never spoken to him)
　　 Even though is a stronger form of although:
　　 Even though I was really tired, I couldn’t sleep.
UNIT 104 Exercises　　
104.1 Complete these sentences. Each time use although + a sentence from the box.
　　
　　 I didn’t speak the language
　　 I had never seen him before
　　 it was quite cold
　　 he has a very responsible job
　　 we don’t like her very much
　　 he had promised to be on time
　　
　　1. Although he has a very responsible job, he isn’t particularly well paid.
　　2. Although __________________, I recognized from a photograph.
　　3. I didn’t wear a coat, __________________
　　4. We thought we’d better invite her to the party, __________________
　　5. __________________, I managed to make myself understood.
　　6. He was late __________________
　　
　　104.2 Complete these sentences with although or in spite of.　　
Example: Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our vacation.
　　1. __________________ all my careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.
　　2. __________________ I had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong.
　　3. I love music, __________________ I can’t play a musical instrument.
　　4. __________________ being very tired, we kept on walking.
　　5. The heat was turned all the way up, but __________________ this the house was still cold.
　　6. Keith decided to quit his job, _________________ I advised him not to.
　　
　　104.3 Read these sentences and then write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use the word(s) in parentheses (…) in your sentences.
　　 Example: I couldn’t sleep, although I was tired. (despite)
　　 I couldn’t sleep despite being tired (or despite the fact (that) I was tired)
　　 1. Although he’s got a French name, he is in fact American. (despite)
　　 Despite ____________________________________
　　 2. In spite of her injured foot, she managed to walk home. (although)
　　
　　 ____________________________________
　　3. I decided to accept the job, although the salary was low. (in spite of)
　　 I decided ____________________________________
　　4. We lost the match, although we were the better team. (despite)
　　 ____________________________________
　　5. In spite of not having eaten for 24 hours, I didn’t feel hungry. (even though)
　　 ____________________________________
　　104.4 Use the words in parentheses to make a sentence with though at the end.
　　 Example: The house isn’t very nice. (like/garden) I like the garden though.
　　1. She’s very nice. (don’t like/husband) I __________________
　　2. It’s very warm. (a bit windy) It __________________
　　3. We didn’t like the food. (ate) We __________________

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UNIT 105 Even　　
a. Study this example:
　　Our football team lost yesterday. We all played badly. Bill is our best player, but yesterday even Bill played badly.
　　We use even to say that something is unusually or surprising. We say even Bill… because he is a good player and it is unusually for him to play badly. If played badly, it must have been a bad day for the team.
　　 These photographs aren’t very good. Even I could take better photographs than these. (I’m certainly not a good photographer, so they must be bad.)
　　 It’s a very rich country. Even the poorest people own cars. (so the rich people must be very rich)
　　 Nobody would lend him the money – not even his best friend. (or Even his best friend wouldn’t lend him the money.)
　　
　　b. Very often we use even with the verb in the middle of a sentence (see Unit 102b for the exact position):
　　 Don has traveled all over the world. He has even been to the Antarctic.
　　 (It’s very unusual to go to the Antarctic, so he must have traveled a lot.)
　　 He always wears a tie. He even have their own private jet.
　　 They are very rich. They even have their own private jet.
　　 Here are some examples with not even:
　　 I can’t cook. I can’t even boil an egg. (so I certainly can’t cook, because boiling an egg is very simple)
　　 They weren’t very friendly to us. They didn’t even say hello.
　　 She’s in good shape. She’s just run five miles and she’s not even out of breath.
　　
　　c. You can use even with comparatives (hotter/more surprised, etc.):
　　 It was very hot yesterday, but today it’s even hotter.
　　 I got up at 6:00, but Carol got up even earlier.
　　 I knew I didn’t have much money, but I’ve got even less than I thought.
　　 I was surprised to get a letter from her. I was even more surprised when she appeared at my door the next day.
　　
　　d. You can use even with if, when, and though:　
　 I’ll probably see you tomorrow. But even if I don’t, we’re sure to see each other before the weekend.
　　 She never shouts, even when she’s angry. (you expect people to shout when they are angry)
　　 He has bought a car, even though he can’t drive.
　　 For if and when see Unit 9c. For even though see Unit 104.
UNIT 105 Exercises　　
105.1 Complete a conversation. Use even or not even.
　　 Example: A: We lost the game. The whole team played badly.
　　 B: Really? Even Bill? A: Yes, even Bill played badly.
　　1. A: Everyone was on time for work this morning.
　　B: Really? __________________ Sue? A: Yes, __________________
　　2. A: Everyone makes mistakes sometimes.
　　B: Really? __________________ you? A: Yes, __________________
　　3. A: The whole country is going on strike.
　　B: Really? __________________ the police? A: Yes, __________________
　　4. A: Nobody knows where Peter has gone.
　　B: Really? Not __________________ his wife? A: No, __________________
　　5. A: Everybody passed the exam.
　　B: Really? __________________ George? A: Yes, __________________
　　
　　105.2 Make sentences with even. Use the words in parentheses (…).
　　 Example: He wears a tie all the time. (in bed) He even wears a tie in bed.
　　1. They painted the whole room white. (the floor)
　　They ____________________________________ white.
　　2. He has to work every day. (on Sundays) He __________________
　　3. You could hear the noise from a long way away. (from the next street) __________________
　　4. They have the window open all the time. (when it’s freezing) __________________
　　Use not even.
　　Example: She didn’t say anything to me. (hello) She didn’t even say hello.
　　5. I can’t remember anything about her. (her name) I __________________
　　6. There isn’t anything in this town. (a movie theater) There __________________
　　7. I haven’t eaten anything today. (a piece of bread) __________________
　　8. He didn’t tell anyone where he was going. (his wife) __________________
　　9. I don’t know anyone on our block. (the people next door) __________________
　　
　　105.3 Complete these sentence with even + a comparative.
　　 Example: It was very hot yesterday, but today it’s even hotter.
　　1. We found a very cheap hotel, but the one Jack found was __________________.
　　2. That’s a very good idea, but I have an __________________ one.
　　3. The café is always crowded, but today it’s __________________ than usual.
　　4. This church is 500 years old, but the house next to it is __________________
　　5. I did very little work for the exam, but you did __________________

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UNIT 106 As (time) –
“I watched her as she worked.” As (reason) – “As I was feeling tired, I went to bed.”
　　a. As (time): two things happening together　　
   You can use as when two things happen at the same time or over the same period of time:
　　 I watched her as she opened the letter.
　　 As they walked along the street, they looked in the store windows.
　　 Turn off the light as you go out, please.
　　We use as especially for two short actions happening at the same time:
　　 George arrived as I left. (=he arrived and I left at the same time)
　　 We all waved goodbye to Tom as he drove away in his car.
　　You can also use just as (= exactly at that moment):
　　 George arrived just as I left.
　　 Just as I sat down, the phone rang.
　　We also use as when two changes happen over the same period of time:
　　 As the day wore on, the weather got worse.
　　 I began to enjoy the job more as I got used to it.
　　
　　b. As (time): one thing happening during another　　
   You can say that you did something as you were doing something else (= in the middle of doing something else).
　　When we use as in this way, both actions are usually quite short:
　　 The man slipped as he was getting off the train.
　　 Jill burned herself as she was talking the cake out of the oven.
　　 The thief was seen as he was climbing over the wall.
　　You can also use just as:
　　 Just as we were going out, it started to rain.
　　 I had t leave just as the conversation was getting interesting.
　　For the past continuous (was getting/were going, etc.) see Unit 12.
　　Note that we use as only if two actions happen together. Do not use as if one action follows another;
　　 When I got home, I took a bath. (not as I got home)
　　
　　c. As (reason)　
   　As sometimes means “because”:
　　 As I was feeling tired, I went to bed early. (= because I was feeling tired)
　　 As they live near us, we see them quite often.
　　 As tomorrow is national holiday, all the stores will be closed.
　　 As we had nothing better to do, we watched television the whole evening.
　　For as and like see Unit 107. For as…as see Unit 99.
UNIT 106 Exercises　
　106.1 Make one sentence with as (time) from each pair of sentences.　
　 Example: She opened the letter. I watched her. I watched her as she opened the letter.
　　1. We posed for the photograph. We smiled.
　　We smiled ____________________________________
　　2. He explained what I had to do. I listened carefully.
　　I ____________________________________
　　3. The two teams ran onto the filed. The crowd cheered.
　　The crowd ____________________________________
　　4. She passed me on the street. She didn’t look at me.
　　 ____________________________________
　　In the following sentences use just as.
　　Example: I sat down. Just at that moment the phone rang.
　　 The phone rang just as I sat down.
　　5. We arrived at the beach. Just at the moment it started to rain.
　　It started ____________________________________
　　6. I took the photograph. Just at that moment you moved.
　　 ____________________________________
　　In these sentences, one thing happens during another.
　　Example: Jill was taking the cakes out of the oven. She burned herself.
　　 Jill burned herself as she was taking the cakes out of the oven.
　　7. Tom was climbing out of the window. He fell.
　　Tom fell ____________________________________
　　8. We were driving along the road. A dog ran out in front of the car.
　　A dog ____________________________________
　　9. She was getting out of the car. She dropped her bag.
　　 ____________________________________
　　
　　106.2 Join a sentence from box A with a sentence from box B. Begin each of your sentences with as (reason)
　　
　　 A. tomorrow is a national holiday
　　 there isn’t anything to eat in the house
it was a nice day
　　 we didn’t want to wake anyone up
　　 the door was open
　　 I didn’t have enough money for a taxi
　　 B. I walked in
　　 I had to walk home
　　 we came in very quietly
　　 the stores will be closed
　　 let’s go out to eat
　　 we decided to go for a walk
　　
　　1. As tomorrow is a national holiday, the stores will be closed.
　　2. ____________________________________
　　3. ____________________________________
　　4. ____________________________________
　　5. ____________________________________
　　6. ____________________________________

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UNIT 107 Like and as　
　a. Like = similar to/the same as/for example:　　
    What a beautiful house! It’s like a palace. (not as a palace)
　　 “What does George do?” “He’s a teacher, like me.” (not as me)
　　 Why do you always talk about boring things like your job?
　　 Be careful! The floor was just waxed. It’s like walking on ice.
　　 It’s raining again. I hate weather like this.
　　 Like is a preposition. So it is followed by a noun (“like a palace/like your job”), a pronoun (“like me/like this”), or –ing (“like walking”).
　　 You can also say “like (someone/something) -ing”:　
　 “What’s that noise?” “It sounds like a baby crying.”
　　
　　b. We use as before a subject + verb:
　　 Don’t move anything. Leave everything as it is.
　　Compare like and as in these sentences:
　　 You should have done it like this. (like + pronoun)
　　 You should have done it as I showed you. (as + subject + verb)
　　But we use such as (= for example) without a verb:　　
Some sports, such as auto racing, can be dangerous.
　　Note that we say as usual:
　　 You’re late as usual.
　　
　　c. As + subject + verb can have other meanings. For example:
　　 Do as you are told! (= Do what you are told.)
　　 They did as they promised. (= They did what they promised.)
　　 You can also say as you know/ as we expected/ as I said/ as I thought, etc.:
　　 As you know, it’s Tom’s birthday next week. (= you know this already)
　　 Ann failed her driving test, as we expected.
　　
　　d. As can also be a preposition (which means you can use it with a noun), but the meaning is different from like.
　　We use like when we compare things:
　　 She looks beautiful – like a princess. (she isn’t really a princess)
　　 Everyone is sick at home. Our house is like a hospital. (it isn’t really a hospital)
　　We use as + noun to say what something really is or was (especially when we talk about someone’s job or how we use something):
　　 A few years ago I worked as a waiter. (I really was a waiter)
　　 Sue has just found a job as a sales clerk.
　　 During the war this hotel was used as hospital. (so it really was a hospital)
　　 We don’t have a car, so we use the garage as a workshop.
　　 The news of her death came as a great shock. (it really was a shock)
UNIT 107 Exercises　
　107.1 Complete these sentences with like or as. The sentences in this exercise are like those in sections a, b, and c
　　 Examples: This house is beautiful. It’s like a palace.
　　 Ann failed her driving test, as we expected.
　　1. Do you think Ann looks ________ her mother?
　　2. He really gets on my nerves. I can’t stand people ________ him.
　　3. Why didn’t you do it ________ I told you to do it?
　　4. “Where does Bill work?” “He works in bank, ________ most of his friends.”
　　5. He never listens. Talking to him is ________ talking to a wall.
　　6. ________ I said yesterday, I’m thinking of going to Mexico.
　　7. Carol’s idea seemed a good one, so we did ________ she suggested.
　　8. It’s a difficult problem. I never know what to do in situations ________ this.
　　9. I’ll call you tomorrow evening ________ usual, okay?
　　10. This tea is terrible. It tastes ________ water.
　　11. Suddenly there was a terrible noise. It was ________ a bomb exploding.
　　12. She’s a really good swimmer. She swims ________ a fish.
　　
　　107.2 Choose like or as (preposition – see section d).
　　 Examples: She looks beautiful this evening – like a princess.
　　 A few years ago I worked as a waiter in a restaurant.
　　 1. He’s been studying English for a few years, but he still speaks ________ a beginner.
　　 2. My feet are already cold. They’re ________ blocks of ice.
　　 3. Margaret once had a part-time job ________ a tourist guide.
　　 4. We don’t need all the bedrooms in the house, so we use one of them ________ a study.
　　 5. Her house is full of lots of interesting things. It’s ________ a museum.
　　 6. Have you ever worked ________ a construction worker on a building site?
　　 7. The news that he was getting married came ________ a complete surprise to me.
　　 8. He’s 35, but he sometimes behaves ________ a child.
　　
　　107.3 There are sentences of all types in this exercise. Put in like or as.
　　 1. Your English is very fluent. I wish I could speak ________ you.
　　 2. You don’t have to take my advice if you don’t want to. You can do ________ you like.
　　 3. He wastes too much time doing things ________ sitting in cafes all day.
　　 4. There’s no need to change your clothes. You can go out ________ you are.
　　 5. The weather’s terrible for the middle of summer. It’s ________ winter.
　　 6. She decided to give up her job ________ a journalist and become a teacher.
　　 7. I think I prefer this room ________ it was, before we decorated it.
　　 8. When we asked Jack to help us, he agreed immediately, ________ I knew he would.
　　 9. While we were on vacation, we spent most of our time on sports ________ sailing, water skiing, and swimming.
　　 10. Ann’s been working ________ a waitress for the last few weeks.

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UNIT 108 As if　
　a. You can use as if to say how someone or something looks/sounds/feels, etc.:　
  　 The house looked as if nobody was living in it.
　　 Ann sounds as if she’s got a cold, doesn’t she?
　　 I’ve just come back from vacation, but I feel tired and depressed.
　　 I don’t feel as if I’ve had a vacation.
　　 Compare:
　　 You look tired. (look + adjective)
　　 You look as if you haven’t slept. (look + as if + subject + verb)
　　 Tom sounded worried. (sound + adjective)
　　 Tom sounded as if he was worried. (sound + as if + subject + verb)
　　 You can use as though instead of as if:
　　 Ann sounds as though she’s got a cold.
　　
　　b. You can also say It looks/sounds/smells as if (or as though):　　
   Tom is very late, isn’t he? It looks as if he isn’t coming.
　　 We took an umbrella because it looked as if it was going to rain.
　　 Do you hear that music next door? It sounds as if they are having a party, doesn’t it?
　　 After It looks/sounds/smells, many people use like instead of as if/ as though:
　　 It looks like Tom isn’t coming.
　　
　　c. You can also use as if with other verbs to say how someone does something:　
  　 He ran as if he were running for his life.
　　 After the interruption, she continued talking as if nothing had happened.
　　 When I told them my plan, they looked at me as if I were insane.
　　
　　d. After as if we sometimes use the past when we are talking about the present. For example:
　　 I don’t like Norman. He talks as if he knew everything.
　　 The meaning is not past in this sentence. We use the past (“as if he knew”) because the idea is not real: Norman does not know everything. We use the past in the same way in if sentences and after wish (see Unit35).
　　 When we use the past in this way, we use were instead of was:
　　 Harry’s only 50. Why do you talk about him as if he were (or was) an old man?
　　 They treat me as if I were (or was) their own son. (I’m not their son.)
UNIT Exercises　
　108.1 Use the sentences in the box to make sentences with as if.
　　 she has hurt her leg he hadn’t washed in ages you need a good rest
　　 she was enjoying it she was going to throw it at him he was calling long distance
　　 you’ve seen a ghost they hadn’t eaten for a week I’m going to be sick
　　1. Tom looks very tired. You say to him: You look as if you need a good rest.
　　2. When you talked to Jack on the phone last night, you couldn’t hear him very well. He sounded _________________________________
　　3. Carol had a bored expression on her face during the concert. She didn’t look _________________________________
　　4. You could smell him from a long way away. He needed a bath badly. He smelled _________________________________
　　5. Your friend comes into the room looking absolutely terrified. His face is white. You say: What’s the matter? You look _________________________________
　　6. You’ve just eaten a whole box of candy. Now you are feeling sick. You say: I feel _________________________________
　　7. When you saw Sue, she was walking in a strange way. She looked _________________________________
　　8. They were extremely hungry and ate their dinner very quickly. They ate their dinner _________________________________
　　9. Ann and Tom were having an argument. She was very angry. Suddenly she picked up a plate. She looked _________________________________
　　
　　108.2 Make sentences beginning It looks/sounds as if (or like)…
　　 he isn’t going to come you had a good time there’s been an accident
　　 we’ll have to walk whom it’s going to rain they are having an argument
　　1. Tom hasn’t arrived yet and it’s late. You say: It looks as if (or like) he isn’t going to come.
　　2. The sky is full of black clouds. You say: It _________________________________
　　3. You hear two people shouting at each other next door. You say: It sounds _________________________________
　　4. There is an ambulance, some police officers, and two damaged cars at the side of the road. You say: _________________________________
　　5. You and your friend have just missed the last bus home. You say: _________________________________
　　6. Sue and Dave have just been telling you about all the interesting thins they did on their vacation. You say : _________________________________
　　
　　108.3 These sentences are like the ones in section d. Complete each sentence.
　　 Example: Norman doesn’t know everything, but he talks as if he knew everything.
　　1. I’m not a child, but sometimes you talk to me _________________________________ a child.
　　2. She doesn’t know me, so why did she smile at me _________________________________
　　3. He’s not my boss, but sometimes he acts _________________________________

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UNIT 109 At/on/it (time)　　
a. At We use at with times:　　
at 5 o’clock at 11:45 at midnight at lunchtime
　　 But we usually leave out at when we ask (At) what time…?:
　　 What time are you going out this evening?
　　 We also use at in these expressions:
　　 at night I don’t like going out at night.
　　 at Christmas/at Easter (public holiday/periods) We give each other present at Christmas.
　　 at the moment/ at present Ms. King is busy at the moment/ at present.
　　 at the same time Ann and I arrived at the same time.
　　 at the age of … Tom left school at the age of 16/ at 16.
　　 at the beginning of … I’m going away at the beginning of May.
　　 at the end of … At the end of the concert, there was great applause.
　　
　　b. On We use on with dates and days:　　
on March 12th on Friday(s) on Christmas Day (but at Christmas)
　　 We also say:
　　 on Friday morning(s) on Sunday afternoon(s) on Monday evening(s)
　　 on Saturday night(s), etc. on weekends
　　 I usually go out on Monday evenings.
　　 What are you doing on the weekend?
　　
　　c. In We use in for longer periods of time (for example: months/years/seasons):
　　 in April in 1968 in (the) winter in the 18th century in the 1970s in the Middle Ages
　　
　　 We ago so say:
　　 in the morning(s) /in the afternoon(s)/ in the evening(s)
　　 I’ll see you in the morning. (but I’ll see you on Friday morning.)
　　
　　d. We do not use at/on/in before last and next:　　
I’ll see you next Friday. They got married last March.
　　
　　e. In + a period of time = a time in the future:　　 The train will be leaving in a few minutes. (= a few minutes from now)
　　 Jack went away. He’ll be back in a week. (= a week from now)
　　 They are getting married in six months. (= six months from now)
　　 You can also say “in six months’ time,” “in a week’s time,” etc.:
　　 They are getting married in six months’ time.
　　 We also use in to say how long it takes to do something:
　　 I learned to drive in four weeks. (= it took me four weeks to learn)

　UNIT 109 Exercises　
　109.1 Complete the sentences. Each time use at, on, or in with one of the phrases from the box.
　　 the 1920s 1917 the 15th century about five minutes the same time Saturdays night
　　 the age of five night the age of five July 21, 1969 the moment
　　1. Columbus discovered America in the 15th century.
　　2. The first man landed on the moon _____________________________
　　3. In Britain soccer matches are usually played _____________________________
　　4. You can see the stars _____________________________ if the sky is clear.
　　5. In many countries, children have to start school _____________________________
　　6. Jazz became popular in the United States _____________________________
　　7. It’s difficult to listen when everyone is speaking _____________________________
　　8. The Russian Revolution took place _____________________________
　　9. Tom isn’t here _____________________________ He’ll be back _____________________________
　　
　　109.2 Put in the correct prepositions: at, on, or in.　
　 Examples: The concert starts at 7:45. I learned to drive in four weeks
　　1. The course begins ________ January 7th and ends ________ March 10th.
　　2. I went to bed ________ midnight and got up ________ 6:30 the next morning.
　　3. We traveled overnight to Pairs and arrived ________ 5:00 ________ the morning.
　　4. Mozart was born in Salzburg ________ 1756.
　　5. Are you doing anything special ________ the weekend?
　　6. Hurry up! We’ve got to go ________ five minutes.
　　7. I haven’t seen Ann for a few days. I last saw her ________ Tuesday.
　　8. I’ll call you ________ Tuesday morning ________ about 10:00, okay?
　　9. I might not be home ________ the morning. Can you call ________ the afternoon instead?
　　10. Tom’s grandmother died ________ 1977 ________ the age of 79.
　　11. I get paid ________ the end of the month.
　　12. Jack’s brother is an engineer, but he’s unemployed ________ the moment.
　　13. The price of electricity is going up ________ October.
　　14. ________ Sunday afternoons I usually go for a walk in the park.
　　15. There are usually a lot of parties ________ New Year’s Eve.
　　16. I like walking around town ________ night. It’s always so peaceful.
　　17. Tom doesn’t see his parents very often these days – usually only ________ Christmas and sometimes ________ the summer for a few days.
　　18. ________ the end of a course, the summer for a few days.
　　19. I’ve been invited to a wedding ________ February 14.
　　20. I’m just going out to do some shopping. I’ll be back ________ half an hour.
　　21. Ann works hard during the week, so she likes to relax ________ weekends.
　　22. It was a short book and easy to read. I read it ________ a day.
　　23. Carol got married ________ 17, which is rather young to get married.
　　24. Would you like to go to the movies ________ Friday night?
　　25. The telephone rang and the doorbell rang ________ the same time.
　　26. Mary and Henry always go out for dinner ________ their wedding anniversary.
　　27. Mr. Davis is 63. He’ll be retiring from his job ________ two years’ time

figaro

Mark. Thank you for your great efforts!

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UNIT 110 For, during and while
　　a. For and during　
　We use for + a period of time to say how long something goes on:　　
　　 for six years for two hours for a week
　　 I’ve lived in this house for six years.
　　 We watched television for two hours last night.
　　 Ann is going away for a week in September.
　　 Where have you been? I’ve been waiting for hours.
　　 Are you going away for the weekend?
　　You cannot use during in this way:
　　 It rained for three days without stopping. (not during three days)
　　We use during + noun to say when something happens (not how long):　
　 During the movie during our vacation during the night
　　 I fell asleep during the movie.
　　 We met a lot of interesting people during our vacation.
　　 The ground is wet. It must have rained during the night.
　　 I’ll call you some time during the afternoon.
　　
　　b. During and while　
　We use during + noun. We use while + subject + verb. Compare:
　　 I fell asleep during the movie(noun)
　　 I fell asleep while I was watching television. (subject + verb)
　　 Compare during and while in these examples:
　　 We met a lot of interesting people during our vacation.
　　 We met a lot of interesting people while we were on vacation.
　　 Robert suddenly began to feel sick during the exam.
　　 Robert suddenly began to feel sick while he was taking the exam.
　　 Here are some more examples of while:
　　 We saw Ann while we were waiting for the bus.
　　 While you were out, there was a phone call for you.
　　 Tom read a book while I watched television.
　　 When you are talking about the future, use the present (not will) after while:
　　 I’m going to Toronto next week. I hope to see Tom while I’m there.
　　 What are you going to do while you are waiting?
　　 See also Unit 9a.
　　 For while –ing see Unit 64b. For for and since see Unit 19b.
UNIT 110 Exercises　
　110.1 Put in for or during.
　　 Examples: It rained for three days without stopping.
　　 I fell asleep during the movie.
　　 1. I waited for you ________ half an hour and then decided that you weren’t coming.
　　 2. He hasn’t lived in Haiti all his life. He lived in France ________ four years.
　　 3. Production at the factory was seriously affected ________ the strike.
　　 4. I felt really sick last week. I couldn’t eat anything ________ three days.
　　 5. When we were at the theater last night, we met Ann ________ intermission.　（幕间休息）
　 　6. Sue was very angry after our argument. She didn’t speak to me ________ a week.
　　 7. We usually go out on weekends, but we don’t often go out ________ the week.
　　 8. Jack started a new job a few weeks ago. Before that he was out of work ________ six months.
　　
　　110.2 Put in while or during.
　　 Examples: We met a lot of people while we were on vacation.
　　 We met a lot of people during our vacation.
　　1. I met Sue ________ I was waiting for the bus.
　　2. ________ we were in Pairs, we stayed at a very comfortable hotel.
　　3. ________ our stay in Pairs, we visited a lot of museums and galleries.
　　4. The phone rang three times ________ we were having dinner last night.
　　5. I had been away for many years. ________ that time, many things had changed.
　　6. What did she say about me ________ I was out of the room?
　　7. Jack read a lot of books and magazines ________ he was sick.
　　8. I went out for dinner last night. Unfortunately I began to feel sick ________ the meal.
　　9. Many interesting suggestions were made ________ the meeting.
　　10. Please don’t interrupt me ________ I’m speaking.
　　11. There were many interruptions ________ the President’s speech.
　　12. Can you set the table ________ I get dinner ready?
　　
　　110.3 Now use your own ideas to complete these sentences.　　
Examples: I fell asleep while I was reading the newspaper.
　　 I didn’t sleep very well. I kept waking up during the night.
　　 1. I fell asleep during ________________________
　　 2. The lights suddenly went out while ________________________
　　 3. I hurt my arm while ________________________
　　 4. The students looked bored during ________________________
　　 5. Can you wait here while ________________________
　　 6. It rained a lot during ________________________
　　 7. I fell off my chair during ________________________
　　 8. It started to rain while ________________________
　　 9. She burned herself while ________________________

smallmoon

UNIT 111 By and until By the time…　　
a. By (+ a time) = not later than:
　　 I mailed the letter today, so they should receive it by Monday. (= on or before Monday, on Monday at the least)
　　 We’d better hurry. We have to be home by 5 o’clock (= at or before 5 o’clock at the latest).
　　 Where’s Ann? She should be here by now. (= now or before now; so she should have already arrived)
　　 You cannot use until with this meaning:
　　 Tell me by Friday whether or not you can come to the party. (not Tell me until Friday)
　　 We use until (or till) to say how long a situation continues:
　　 “Shall we go now?” “No, let’s wait until (or till) it stops raining.”
　　 I was tired this morning, so I stayed in bed until half past ten.
　　 Compare until and by in these sentences:
　　 Sue will be away until Monday. (so she’ll come back on Monday)
　　 Sue will be back by Monday. (= she’ll be back on or before Monday, on Monday at the latest)
　　 I’ll be working until 11 o’clock. (so I’ll stop working at 11 o’clock)
　　 I’ll have finished my work by 11 o’clock (= I’ll finish my work at or before 11 o’clock, at 11 o’clock at the latest)
　　
　　b. You can also say by the time (something happens),… Study these examples carefully:
　　 It’s not worth going shopping now. By the time we get to the stores, they will be closed. (= they will close between now and the time we get there)
　　 (from a letter) I’m flying to the United States this evening. So by the time you receive this letter, I’ll probably be in New York. (= I will arrive in New York between now and the time you receive this letter.)
　　 When you are talking about the past, you can use by the time (something happened),…
　　 Tom’s car broke down on the way to the party last night. By the time he arrived, most of the guests had left. (= It took him a long time to get to the party and most of the guests left during this time.)
　　 I had a lot of work to do yesterday evening. By the time I finished, I was very tired. (= It took me a long time to do the work and I became more and more tired during this time.)
　　 It took them a long time to find a place to park their car. By the time they got to the theater, the play had already started.
　　 You can also use by then or by that time:
　　 Tom finally arrived at the party at midnight. But by then (or by that time), most of the guest had left
UNIT 111 Exercises
　　111.1 Make sentences with by:
　　 Example: I have to be home no later than 5:00. I have to be at home by 5:00.
　　1. I have to be at the airport no later than 10:30. I have to be at the airport ________________________
　　2. Let me know no later than Saturday whether you can come to the party. Let me know ________________________________
　　3. Please make sure that you are here no later than 2:00. Please ________________________________
　　4. If you want to take the exam, you have to registers no later than April 3. If ________________________________
　　5. If we leave now, we should be in Winnipeg no later than lunchtime. If ________________________
　　
　　111.2 Put in by or until.　
　 Examples: Tom went away. He’ll be away until Monday.
　　 Sorry, but I’ve got to go. I have to be home by 5:00.
　　1. I’ve been offered a job. I haven’t decided yet whether to accept it or not. I have to decide ________ Thursday.
　　2. I think I’ll wait ________ Thursday before making a decision.
　　3. A: I hear you’re writing a book. Have you finished it yet?
　　B: No quite, but I hope to finish it ________ the end of this month.
　　4. A: I’m going out now. I’ll probably have gone ________ then.
　　5. I’m moving into my new apartment next week. I’m staying with a friend ________ then.
　　6. A: Do you think I’ll still be unemployed this time next year?
　　B: No, of course not. I’m sure you’ll have found a job ________ that time.
　　
　　111.3 Read these situations and then complete the sentences using By the time…
　　 Example: Tom was invited to a party, but he got there much later than he intended.
　　 By the time he got to the party, most of the guests had left.
　　1. I had to catch a train, but it took me longer than expected to get to the station. ________________________________, my train had left.
　　2. I saw two men who looked as if they were trying to steal a car. So I called the police. But it was some time before the police arrived. ________________________________, the two men had disappeared.
　　3. A man escaped from prison last night. It was a long time before the guards discovered what had happened. ________________________, the escaped prisoner was miles away.
　　4. I intended to go to the movies after finishing my work. But I finished my work much later than expected. ________________________________, it was too late to go to the movies.