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在世界遗产名录中,澳洲的绝大多数是自然遗产,只有少数是复合遗产,而很少有纯粹的文化遗产。不过上述的名录不是最新的,这几年澳洲增加了三处纯粹的文化遗产,比如悉尼歌剧院就是其中之一。这些遗产中,nsw甚至悉尼附近就有几处,甚至有的很多人都去过,只是未必意识到了是世界遗产。
比较喜欢世界遗产的标志,看起来就像是中国的孔方兄。这种传统哲学,看来是相通的。
上面的n和c的具体解释如下
这个分类方式是2004年yiqian 的标准,当时世界遗产分成自然n1-4和文化c1-6总共十个标准,符合n1-4之一的被列入自然遗产名录,符合c1-6之一的被列入文化遗产名录,而如果n和c至少各有一个的则是符合遗产。不过在2005年,编号号进行了改变,1-6相当于原来的c1-6,而7-10相当于原来的n1-4
n1-4分别是
1. 构成代表地球演化史中重要阶段的突出例证;
2. 构成代表进行中的重要地质过程、生物演化 过程以及人类与自然环境相互关系的突出例证;
3. 独特、稀有或绝妙的自然现象、地貌或具有罕见自然美的地带;
4. 尚存的珍稀或濒危动植物种的栖息地。
c1-6分别是
1. 代表一种独特的艺术成就,一种创造性的天才杰作;
2. 能在一定时期内或世界某一文化区域内,对建筑艺术、纪念物艺术、城镇规划或景观设计方面的发展产生极大影响;
3. 能为一种已消逝的文明或文化传统提供一种独特的至少是特殊的见证;
4. 可作为一种建筑或建筑群或景观的杰出范例,展示出人类历史上一个或几个重要阶段;
5. 可作为传统的人类居住地或使用地的杰出范例,代表一种(或几种)文化,尤其在不可逆转之变化的影响下变得易于损坏,
6. 与具特殊普遍意义的事件或现行传统或思想或信仰或文学艺术作品有直接或实质的联系。只有在某些特殊情况下或该项标准与其它标准一起作用时,此款才能成为列人《世界遗产名录》的理由。
不过在网上看到的这个中文翻译未必很恰当。最官方的英文版如下(2005):
1. to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius;
2. to exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design;
3. to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared;
4. to be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history;
5. to be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change;
6. to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria);
7. to contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance;
8. to be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features;
9. to be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals;
10. to contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation.
[ 本帖最后由 ozbird 于 3-8-2010 12:22 编辑 ] |
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