举个例子,人类世界这个系统中,有很多公理,但是总有一些真理,是绝对不能从这些公理出发证明的。例如,神的存在就是无法证明的,也无法证否的。费玛大定理的证明过程,就强烈地暗示,往往我们无法证否的命题,最后很可能被证明是真的。难怪基尔阔凯尔说,当理性进入了辩证的两难,我们需要信仰的飞跃(leap of faith)。
这种理解也许有问题。先验知识不是来自先天,或者遗传。先验是一个拉丁词,a priori,是一个副词,意思是不需要用经验就能XXX的。例如,how can we have knowledge a priori,准确的意思是,我们如何能先验地获取知识,而不是像很多人翻译成我们如何能获取先验知识。当然很多情况下,这个拉丁副词被用成了形容词。但是关键时候,不能用混。
“He had a pretty daughter who became the successful
rival of Latin for the affections of Spinoza; even a modern collegian
might be persuaded to study Latin by such inducements. But the
young lady was not so much of an intellectual as to be blind to the
main chance; and when another suitor came, bearing costly presents,
she lost interest in Spinoza. No doubt it was at that moment that our
hero became a philosopher.”