经验分享十——大作文:
大作文的字数要求多，得分权重高，看起来比小作文的写信难了不是一点儿半点。其实不然，我认为他们是一样的。只要遵循一个合理的结构套路，插入你自己总结积累的fancy words and phrases，你就可以在40分钟之内轻松地写出一篇250字的高质量论文。
“Ace the IELTS”这本书中将论文题目的类型分成三类：
A类(Arguments)：是题目直接给出正反两个观点，问你两类观点你支持哪一类；
H类(Hidden Arguments)：一般会给出一个观点，问你你在多大程度上支持这个观点；
S类(Situation)：给一个社会现象或者流行观点，要你分析这种现象的出现原因或者造成的影响，如果需要的话，可以给出如何降低影响的解决方案；
其中，H类把“在多大程度上支持”变成“你是支持这个观点，还是反对这个观点”，把题目中的观点摘成对立的正反两个议题，也就变形成了A类论文。所以实际上，论文只有两个类型： A类和S类。
A类结构建议分成4段来写：
第一段：介绍
用自己的话，把题目中的正反两个观点复述一遍（不要照抄），先不要下结论说自己支持哪一个。这部分大概写够30-40个字就好了，是文章中篇幅最短的段落。
第二段：论述观点一（你反对的那个观点）
分析你所反对的那个观点，比如造成这种现象的原因啦，这个观点的优点缺点啦。这段建议写2个idea（on the one hand, on the other hand），篇幅大概70-90个字。
第三段：论述观点二（你支持的那个观点）
用一个转折连接词开头（However，nevertheless，etc），分析你所支持的那个观点，优点缺点等。这部分的内容要比第二段只多不少，建议2-3个idea（firstly, secondly, last but not least），要不怎么能够突出它好呢？这部分篇幅建议在90-110个字。
第四段：结论并引申
用一个结论型连接词开头（in conclusion, in summary, in a nutshell），随后跟着你的结论，认为观点二是正确的，更符合社会形势的，blabla。如果能套的上，再展望下未来 (e.g. Only in this way can we expect xxx in the future.)。这部分的篇幅和第一段差不多，或者略长一点，30-50个字吧。
不知道有没有人问这个问题：为什么要把自己反对的观点放前面呢？原因很简单，就是，重要的总是最后出现嘛。你支持的观点当然更重要一些，过渡到第四段的结论在逻辑上也更通顺。
针对A类题型，其实，大家不必纠结自己究竟应该支持哪个观点，你任选一个能想出稍微多一点idea的那个观点支持就行了。只要写的合情合理，支持哪个观点都能拿到高分。题目并不会给出答案非常明确的论点（比如吸烟对健康是有害还是有益这类的），否则就是出题失误了。
S类结构建议分成4-5段来写。
第一段：介绍
用自己的话，将题目中的现象再复述一遍（不要照抄），再提一句造成这种现象的原因有很多（原因不用具体说）。这部分大概30个字。
第二部分：现象产生的原因
可以写2-3个原因，每个原因占一段内容，所以这部分有2-3段，各个段落之间是并列关系。每段用一个连接词开头（firstly, secondly, finally, on the one hand, on the other hand）,后面用总分结构、分总结构或者总分总结构展开详细说原因（不会？初中语文没好好学吧？）。这部分的篇幅大概160-180个词吧。
第三部分：结论并引申
用一个结论型连接词开头（in conclusion, in summary, in a nutshell），换一种说法把题目再说一遍，并给出建议，如何发扬它的优点，抑制它的缺点，为今后社会进步，人类发展做更大贡献云云。如果题目要求你给出自己的观点，就写in my opinion, 然后是如何发扬它的优点，抑制它的缺点，为今后社会进步，人类发展做更大贡献云云。这部分的篇幅比A类要长一些，大概50-70个字。
讲完结构，下面就是内容了。
对于考试时给出的题目，很多同学担心看到题脑子就蒙了，没有idea，或者没有比较容易描述并且可以说的漂亮新颖的idea。我自己刚开始也是这个情况，在准备考试的时候前面自己练习写的十来篇文章都是这样，干巴巴的也不生动，还超了时间，郁闷的要撞墙。不要紧，每个人都是这么过来的。针对这个情况，强推大家看看我第一篇中介绍的另外一篇参考书：Simon Corcoran的“Ideas for IELTS topics”,可以让你有很多灵感。
有了结构，有了内容，拿到题目的准备顺序是怎么样的？给大家介绍介绍我的方法：
如果是A类题目，首先，在试卷上写下正反两个观点，然后每个观点想2-3个idea。idea多的那个观点我放第三段，这就是我支持的观点。少的那个就是第二段，是我反对的观点。
如果是S类的题目，首先，在试卷上写2-3个现象造成的原因，然后每个原因想一两个具体的例子，或者统计数据（可以编的，没人会跟你较真），或者名人说过的话（初中语文课上讲的，事实论据，理论论据，名人名言，etc）
最后，在答题纸上正式开写。正式答题之前的草稿时间，一般在5-10分钟之间，不大会超过10分钟。
在整个过程中，如果脑子中灵光一闪，想起很fancy的词或者短语，或者表达方式，马上暂停手上的工作，在试卷的空白处把这灵光一闪记录下来，后面写作文时用进去。
照旧例，还是把我自己总结的好用的句子短语介绍给大家：
be attributed to xxx / result from / caused by 归因于. e.g. Some of these can be attributed to the application domains, but others result from the IDE design.
on the one hand, xxx. on the other hand, xxx.
firstly, secondly, thirdly, lastly
to begin with, next, last but not least
from the old times, when xxx, to the more recent times, when xxx, xxx.
xxx are attractive when compared with xxx for the following reasons.
everything has two sides and xxx is not an exception.
agree, acknowledge, admit, believe, no one can deny
in addition, moreover, furthermore, also,
be bound to something: 约束于，一定会，束缚于。 e.g. This scandal is bound to tell against him in the coming presidential election.
adapt to something = get used to : 使自己适应某事。 e.g. We should adapt to it.
a practical approach: 一个实用的办法
base on: 基于，在xxx基础上 e.g. Such cooperation must base on trust, negotiation, equality and mutual benefits. It must proceed from actual facts, rather than deduction.
best in class：高端的，最好的
derive from xxx: 源自，来源自，衍生于： e.g. The stereotype of German humorlessness is believed to derive from their reputation for efficiency, punctuality and rationality, presumed to be at the expense of humour.
nevertheless, however, while, although, whereas
xxx is a good example of such a xxx
eventually, in conclusion, finally, in short, in a nutshell
I have more trust in xxx than I do in xxx
in spite of something, xxx
many people hold the opinion that xxx, others, however, believe xxx
for example, for instance, such as, in particular
as a result, so, thus, therefore, eventually, all in all
prefer to do something rather than do xxx
The reasons for this increase are many and varied.
this xxx is further enhanced by the use of xxx
Many people are in favor of xxx, while others, on the other hand, insist xxx
to some extent
xxx would argue that xxx
etc. and more, and so on so forth
each and every one of us has to xxx
pros and cons = advantages and disadvantages
It's an obvious fact that xxx
Somebody sites something as a significant factor
The advantages are more significant than the disadvantages = The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages in many ways/aspects
The disadvantages should be considered as a certain price that someone have to pay due to the characteristics of the world we live in
something is a virtue. without this virtue, xxx suffer to some extent.
quite often, very likely, when it comes to something
significant, essential, crucial, important, vital
We should attach great importance to xxx = we should give top priority to xxx
drawbacks, disadvantages, shortcomings
inhabitants of cities (people)
urban areas (cities), rural areas (countryside)
in comparison with xxx: China, now the world's second largest economy, often points out that its defense spending pales in comparison with the United States and that its military upgrades are for defensive purpose.
due to xxx, owing to xxx, because of xxx.
usually, tend to, often, can be
perhaps
It's certainly true that xxx
in all areas of xxx
I don't agree with the idea that xxx
I completely agree with the idea that xxx
extremely
deter = stop somebody from doing something. e.g. Nothing shall deter us from doing what we think right.
Discourage xxx from doing something
in my opinion
be indifferent to xxx = totally ignore xxx.
Although I'm bad-looking, I'm gental = Bad looking as I am, I'm gentle.
Only by doing so, can we expect xxx = by doing so, we can expect xxx
from the aspect of (culture, education, economy, etc)
This is also the case with something |
楼主: wensa
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发表于 7-1-2017 01:19:05
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